NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, Dec., 2024 Geography

Landsat is not a geosynchronous satellite. It is a sun-synchronous satellite. Meteosat, GOMAS, and INSAT are geosynchronous satellites. Geosynchronous satellites are launched at an altitude of 36,000 km and their speed is equal to the Earth's speed. Satellites moving at a velocity matching the Earth's rotation period are called geostationary satellites. Their angular velocity is the same as that of the Earth.
Their orbit is circular, moving from west to east, completing one revolution around the Earth in 24 hours. Thus, because the Earth's rotation path and the satellite's revolution direction and time interval are the same, they appear stationary relative to the Earth. This is why they are called geostationary. The major geostationary satellites are: (i) GOES-E (ii) GOES-W (United States) (iii) METEOSAT (European Space Agency) (iv) GOMS (Russia) (v) GMS (Japan) (vi) INSAT (India).

The Function Wizard in Access enables you to create maps. MS Excel was chosen for processing data in other software because it is widely used and readily available in all parts of India. Furthermore, it is compatible with map-making software, as MS Excel can be easily populated with data and integrated with mapping software to create maps.

Meanders can migrate laterally and erode floodplains. They can become exaggerated, forming oxbows or oxbow lakes. Under special circumstances, they can become intermittent. Meanders cannot migrate upstream and erode steep river cliffs. When an adult river enters a plain, horizontal erosion is more active than downward erosion.
As a result, the river widens its valley rather than deepening it. At this stage, the river's path is neither flat nor composed of uniform rocks. Therefore, rivers do not flow in a straight path, but meander along a meandering path. This creates small and large bends in the river's path. These bends are called river meanders. Therefore, option (a) is correct.

The term "ecosystem" was first used by A.G. Tansley in 1935. According to Tansley, an ecosystem is a special type of physical system composed of living and non-living components. It exists in a relatively stable state, is an open system, and comes in various sizes and types. According to R.Y. Lindeman, an ecosystem is any system formed by physical, chemical, and biological processes within a space-time unit of any magnitude.

The dark spots visible on the Sun's surface (sunspots) are massive magnetic storms. Sunspots are regions of the photosphere where the temperature is 1500°C lower than the surrounding region. These spots form between 5° and 40° north and south latitudes of the Sun. Their inner dark region is called the umbra, and the relatively less dark region surrounding it is called the penumbra.
The lifespan of a sunspot ranges from a few hours to a few months. They appear at intervals of approximately 11.1 years. This is also known as the solar cycle. During the time of a sunspot, the magnetic field is approximately 100 to 4000 gauss. As soon as this period ends, the magnetic field spreads towards the poles.

The main components/ingredients of ocean water are arranged in descending order of their percentages (more than 100 parts per million):
(Component)            (grams of salt per kilogram of water)
Chlorine                                          18.97
Sodium                                            10.47
Sulfate                                              2.65
Magnesium                                     1.28
Calcium                                            0.41
Potassium                                        0.38
Bicarbonate                                     0.14
Bromine                                           0.06
Borate                                               0.02
Strontium                                         0.01
Therefore, option (b) is correctly matched.

Noctilucent clouds are found in the mesosphere. The mesosphere extends from 50 to 80 km above sea level. Noctilucent clouds are visible in this layer over the poles during summer. These clouds are formed by condensation of meteoric dust and moisture carried upward by convection.
The lowest layer of the atmosphere is called the troposphere. This layer was named the troposphere by Teijerens de Borde. The layer above the tropopause is called the stratosphere. This layer was discovered and first studied by Teijerens de Borde. The ionosphere extends between 80 and 640 km above sea level in the atmosphere.

According to the 2011 census, the states in India ranked in ascending order of literacy rates: Madhya Pradesh (69.3%) → Uttarakhand (78.8%) → Maharashtra (82.3%) → Kerala (94.0%). The top five states with literacy rates, according to the 2011 census, are:
(State)                            (Percentage)
Kerala                                            94.0
Mizoram                                        91.3
Goa                                               88.7
Tripura                                           87.2
Himachal Pradesh                         82.8