NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, Dec., 2024 Geography

The statement, "Geography is a bridge between the natural and similar sciences," can be attributed to Richard Hartshorne. Hartshorne made a significant effort to dispel misconceptions about the earth's surface. Hartshorne played a significant role in the conceptual development of modern geography.
He made a significant effort to explain various conceptual aspects, such as the concept of the earth's surface, the concept of regional differentiation, the concept of landscape, possibilism, and dualism in geography, in simple language and with illustrations. Albrecht Penck is primarily known for his work on mapping, geomorphology, and climate classification. Note: NTA has considered option (c) to be the correct answer to this question, which is incorrect. Therefore, none of the given options can be selected.

In the central place theory, the value of 'k under administrative theory is k = 7. According to Christaller, the central place and its supporting areas are controlled by three alternative principles - (i) Market principle (ii) Transport principle (iii) Administrative principle. According to him, there is a fixed and stable ratio for the entire hierarchy of a region. Which is called 'k' value.
There is a certain mathematical ratio between the number of centers in each category and the number of centers in the previous category, which remains constant in all categories. This constant ratio is called V value. That is why Kristaller's theory is also called 'theory of constants' and his hierarchy is also called 'hierarchy of constants'. He has used the values k = 3 for market, k = 4 for transport and k = 7 for administrative.

Flow map is called dynamic map. Flow is a combination of stored graphs and maps. It is drawn to show the flow of goods or people between places of origin and destination. It is also called "dynamic map". Traffic map which displays the number of passengers, vehicles etc. is the best example of a flow chart. Dot maps are made to show the distribution of elements like population, animals, types of crops etc.
Choropleth maps are drawn to show the characteristics of the data that relate to administrative units. These maps are used to display population density, literacy, growth rate, sex ratio etc. Isopleth is an imaginary line that connects places of equal value. Isotherm lines, isobar line, isobar line etc. come under isobar lines.

Non-alignment, Panchsheel, disarmament are the main principles of Indian foreign policy. Apart from this, promoting world peace, non-colonialism, nonracism are also the main principles of Indian foreign policy. Panchsheel applies five principles of conduct to international relations. These five principles are as follows - (i) Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty (ii) Non-aggression (iii) Noninterference in each other's internal affairs (iv) Equality and mutual benefit (v) Peaceful co-existence. Hence option (d) is correct.

The approach/approach of human geography is not a quantitative revolution, whereas spatial organization, regional differentiation, exploration and description, all these are the approaches/approach of human geography. In the 1820s, French philosopher Augusta Comte propounded Positivism (Quantitative Revolution).
According to them, real knowledge is scientific and based on facts and experience. In the 1950s, geography, like other sciences, was deeply influenced by positivism. People like McCarty, Shorley, Peter Haggett etc. contributed to the development of quantitative revolution in geography.

Thunderstorms are local storms or storms, in which strong upward winds blow and heavy rainfall accompanied by lightning and thunder. For a thunderstorm to occur, the normal loss rate must be greater than the adiabatic rate of temperature change. The greater the instability of the warm and moist climate, the greater will be the intensity and duration of thunderstorms.
Due to thunderstorms being associated with high temperature, high humidity and greater convergence, equatorial regions are the most ideal places for them, where local or thermal thunderstorms often occur. They continue to form along with temperate tropical cyclones in higher latitudes (45°-60°) but beyond 60°-70° latitudes there are no thunderstorms. Hence option (b) is correct.

The average chlorinity of the ocean is 19.25%. The highest salinity belt is found at 20° and 40° N and A latitudes. The distribution of salinity on the map is shown by isohaline. Salinity generally decreases as we move from the equator to the poles. It is worth remembering that the highest salinity is not found at the equator, although there is high temperature and high evaporation here, because rain water reduces the salinity here.

Spatial analysis is closely related to positivism. Positivism (or positivist philosophy) is the belief that science is concerned only with empirical facts. Empirical facts are those which can be seen and tested through human senses, because they are concrete and not abstract, that is why it is also called empiricism. Auguste Comte (1857), the father of scientific sociology, presented the philosophy of positivism in his 4-volume book 'Positive Philosophy' (1830-1842).

The dynamical theory of tides is given by Laplace. Many hypotheses related to the origin of tides have been propounded from time to time, the first attempt among these is of 'Sir Isaac Newton', who made the force of gravity the basis of his theory in 1687 AD. Later, there was bitter criticism of these, but Newton showed guidance in this direction for the scholars coming forward.