NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, Dec., 2024 Geography

The above crop combination classification methods are listed in order of their proposed year (old to new): J.C. Weaver (1954) - Doi (1959) - J.Т. Корес (1964) - Rafiullah (1965). In 1954, John Weaver published a book titled "Crop Combination Regions in the Middle West U.S.A." The theoretical basis of Weaver's model is that all crops occupy agricultural land equally. Weaver's objective was not to determine the actual amount of deviation through the standard deviation method, but to determine the relative order of deviation.
Kiwukazu Doi (1959) modified Weaver's theory and used it to estimate the industrial structure of Japan. Prof. S.M. Rafiullah adopted the maximum positive deviation method for determining crop combinations. Rafiullah believed that the difference between positive and negative thinkers was based on the median value of the theoretical curve. Note: In its answer key, NTA considered option (a) to be correct, which is incorrect. Therefore, neither option is correct.

Pastoralism is a nomadic movement/nomadic animal-based subsistence activity. Each nomadic community has a well-defined territory, and the animals depend entirely on natural vegetation. Mining is not a significant activity.
Nomadic pastoralism has been an ancient subsistence occupation, in which pastoralists rely on animals for food, clothing, tools, and transportation. There are three major areas of nomadic pastoralism. The first extends from the Atlantic coast of North Africa, through the Arabian Peninsula, to Mongolia and Central China.
The second area is in the tundra regions of Europe and Asia, while the third area is in the Southern Hemisphere, including southwestern Africa and the island of Madagascar. In India, in the Himalayan mountainous regions, groups of people such as the Gujjars, Bakarwals, Gaddis, and Bhutias migrate from the plains to the mountains during the summer. Therefore, option (d) is correct.

The arc diagonal is a method for plotting cumulative frequencies. The arc diagonal (ogive) is a graph used in statistics to show the frequency distribution of a data series. It is also called a cumulative frequency curve or ogive graph. The horizontal axis represents the data values, and the vertical axis represents the cumulative frequencies.

When the rate of air lapse is greater than the dry adiabatic rate of cooling, this condition is called absolute instability. When warm, light air rises from the surface and the normal temperature fall rate is greater than the dry adiabatic rate, the air continues to rise spontaneously due to being warmer than the surrounding air, becoming unstable and leading to unstable equilibrium.
When the air becomes saturated, the rate of cooling of the rising air decreases, causing the rising air to continue to rise due to being warmer than the surrounding air, leading to permanent instability. Atmospheric instability occurs when the rate of cooling of the rising air (i.e., the dry adiabatic temperature fall rate) is less than the normal temperature fall rate. The rising air continues to rise due to being warmer than the surrounding air. As a result, atmospheric instability persists.
After condensation at a certain altitude, if the rising air is still warmer than the surrounding air, that is, if the rate of moist adiabatic temperature fall of the rising air is less than the rate of normal temperature fall of the surrounding air even after condensation, then the air continues to rise. The atmospheric instability produced in this way is called absolute instability.

The author of the book India: A Severed Geography is Diana L. Eck. Diana L. Eck is a professor of comparative religion and Indian studies at Harvard University. Her research focuses on India and the United States. Her work on India focuses on popular religion, especially temples. Her books include Banaras: City of Light and Darshan: Seeing the Divine Image in India, and her most recent work, India: A Severed Geography, was published in 2012.

Borders that do not follow the spatial distribution of cultural groups or political cultures are called superimposed borders. Implied borders are determined after the development of cultural landscapes, but the cultural and ethnic characteristics of the region are ignored in the determination of these borders.
It is difficult to take into account the cultural and ethnic peculiarities of the region in this type of border determination because, as a result of conflict between the warring powers and in accordance with ceasefire agreements, borders are defined, demarcated, and superimposed to suit their own interests, abandoning pre-existing borders. These borders are determined by external forces. Pre-existing borders are those that were determined and formed before the development of current cultural patterns. Such borders developed as a result of agreements between rival colonial powers in the New World, where they were expanding their influence.

The correct matching pairs are:
Copper metallurgy industry - Lusaka
Arts industry (handicrafts) - Florence
Iron and steel industry - Pittsburgh
Shipbuilding industry - Los Angeles
Therefore, option (c) is the correct matching.

The decreasing order of their whiteness (albedo) from the given options is as follows - Thick clouds (70-80%) > Sand (20-30%) > Black soil (8- 14%) > Water (3-5%). The amount of radiation (energy) reaching the surface of any object that gets reflected back into space is called albedo or reflection coefficient or reflectivity.
It is expressed in percentage. Albedo or reflectivity depends on the properties of the surface receiving the energy. Albedo is also controlled by the angle between the Sun and the Earth's surface. The albedo percentages of various surfaces are as follows: