NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, Dec., 2024 Geography

From the given options, the states are arranged in ascending order according to the date of their formation as follows Mizoram (1986) → Goa (1987) → Chhattisgarh (2/11/2000) → Uttarakhand (9/11/2000) → Jharkhand (15/11/2000). State reorganisation is a process under which various states have been formed from time to time in India after independence.
Before the enactment of the Constitution, a States Reorganisation Commission was set up which suggested the formation of 14 states and 6 union territories keeping in mind factors like finance, national welfare and development, language and culture etc. At present, there are 28 states and 8 union territories in India. Hence, option (a) is correctly matched.

Liberica, Arabica, and Robusta are types of coffee, while Darjeeling and Oolong are varieties of tea. Coffee is a tropical plant. Its seeds are roasted and ground and used as a beverage. There are three varieties of coffee: Arabica, Robusta, and Liberica.
Arabica, the variety of coffee grown in India, was originally introduced from Yemen. Its cultivation began in India in the Baba Budan Hills, and it is still cultivated in Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu around the Nilgiri Hills. Therefore, option (c) is correctly matched.

The Monterey Submarine Trench is located off the coast of California. Narrow, deep, and steep-walled valleys on the continental shelf and submerged slope are called submarine canyons because they lie within the ocean. These canyons resemble rivers formed on land. Based on the formation process, there are two types: (i) glacially formed canyons, and (ii) canyons formed by processes other than glaciers. Latitude does not appear to control the distribution of submarine canyons worldwide.
Shepard and Beard investigated 102 canyons worldwide. These canyons are found almost everywhere, but they are especially abundant near river mouths and directly opposite the coastline. Many canyons are found in the Pacific Ocean in front ofthe west coast of North America, the main ones being the canyons located near Bancooker and Aleutian Islands, Columbia Canyon, Monterey Canyon, Yugu Canyon, Scripps Canyon, Duy Canyon, Argyle Canyon, Canyons of the Mexico coast etc.

A simple and complete example of a linear food chain is: grass → insect → frog → snake → eagle. Generally, the sequence of energy transfer from one organism to another in the biosphere is called a food chain or food chain. A food chain is a sequence of different types of organisms through which energy is transferred from green plants (producers) to other organisms in an ecosystem.
The energy obtained from the food produced by green plants is sequentially consumed by different organisms and is then consumed by them. Examples: grass→grasshopper → frog snake eagle. A food chain represents the trophic level at each stage. When energy is converted from one form to another, some amount of energy is lost to the environment as unusable energy. In a terrestrial ecosystem, green plant leaves convert about 1% of the energy they receive into food energy.

According to the Heartland-Central Theory, whoever rules Eastern Europe also controls/rules the Heartland; whoever rules the Heartland also controls/rules the World Island; whoever rules the World Island also controls/rules the World. The Heartland-Central Theory was propounded by Mr. Mackinder. In 1919, Mackinder published a book titled "Democratic Ideals and Reality," in which his article (The Geographical Pivot of History) was revised. In this book, the new name "Heartland" was used instead of "Pivot Area." Therefore, option (a) is correct.

The world's largest freshwater reservoir is found in Lake Baikal. Located in southeastern Siberia, Lake Baikal is the world's oldest and deepest lake. It contains 20% of the world's total frozen freshwater reserves. It is known as the "Galapagos of Russia." The Vasco da Gama is the world's largest inland body of water by surface area.
It is bordered by Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Iran, and Azerbaijan. Lake Tanganyika is the world's longest, Africa's deepest, and the world's second-largest (by volume) freshwater lake. It is bordered by Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

The word 'Ecology' was first used by Haeckel in 1869. Ecology is generally referred to as the science which studies the interactions between all organisms in an ecosystem and their physical environment, and among different organisms on the other hand. The French zoologist Hillier used the term 'Ethology' in 1859 for the mutual relationships between different organisms, and the British naturalist Mivart used the term 'Ethology' for the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment.
Presser Darling (1963) broadened the scope of ecology and propounded that 'ecology is the science of organisms and their interspecific and mutual relationships in the context of the entire environment.' From this definition it is clear that two aspects are studied under ecology (i) Study of organisms in the context of the physical environment of a particular area (ii) Study of mutual relationships between different organisms of community. In this way two branches of ecology emerged - (i) Autecology (ii) Community Ecology.

Compact data structure is an advantage of vector data format. In a vector model, an object or object is accurately represented by a specific shape. Accurate representation means that the location, distance, and dimensions of an object are properly determined. A vector is a two-dimensional model that represents point, line, or polygonal elements. These are represented by sets of coordinates of geographic features. The main advantages of the vector method are: (i) Visual panoptics accurately represent the data structure.
(ii) It is a dense data structure.
(iii) Spatial representation can be effectively explained with network connections.
(iv) Accurate imagery can be created.
(v) Retrieval, updating, and generalization of imagery and features are possible.

The peaks of the Himalayas, in descending order of their height, are Kanchenjunga, > Lhotse, Makalu, >Dhaulagiri, >and Annapurna. The Himalayas, extending along India's northern border, are geologically young and structurally a folded mountain range. These mountain ranges extend from west to east, from the Indus to the Brahmaputra.
The Himalayas are the world's highest mountain range and one of the most unequal barriers. They form a semicircle extending 2500 km in length. Its width is 400 km in Kashmir and 160 km in Arunachal Pradesh. Some of the highest peaks in the Himalayas are as follows: