NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, Dec., 2024 Geography

If you travel from the northernmost point of the Indian mainland to its southernmost point, you will cover a distance of approximately 3,200 km. India is a vast country located in the Northern Hemisphere.
Its mainland extends from 8°4' North to 37°6' North latitude and from 68°7' East to 97°25' East longitude. India has a land border of approximately 15,200 km and a coastline of 7,516.6 km, including the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands. India's north-south extension is 3,214 km and east-west extension is 2,933 km.

Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Limited is located in the Indian state of Karnataka. It was established in 1923 on the banks of the Bhadravathi River in the Shimoga district of Karnataka. It obtains iron ore from the Kemmangundi mines in the Bababudan Hills (Chikmagalur), limestone from Bhandiguda, manganese and chromite from a distance of 48 km, charcoal from the forests of the Malnad region, and market access from South India. It was acquired in 1962 and is now managed by SAIL.

Linear settlements develop along both sides of rivers, roads, and canals. This pattern often results from a natural barrier (such as river embankments in a narrow valley or along a ridge) or socioeconomic features (such as roads, canals, etc.). Houses in linear settlements have their entrances facing the road.
If houses are built on both sides of a road, the entrances of houses in both rows face each other. Such villages can be either compact or semi-compact. The linear pattern can also be called a strip pattern or a cord pattern (Eurghu Jhduuh). When houses are built along the edge of a circular public land, lake, pond, etc., the streets or paths have a circular or circular shape.

The term "plain plain" was coined by W.M. Davis in his theory, "The Concept of the Geographic Cycle" (1899). Among the plains formed by river erosion, the peneplain or plain plain is the first. In the final stages of their erosion cycle, rivers cut through high ground to reach their base.
Plains formed in this way are called plain plains, but sometimes, areas of resistant rock, especially due to erosion, appear as small mounds or low hills. This type of feature is called a monadnock. Davis first proposed the concept of the geographic cycle in 1899, stating that "a geographic cycle is that period of time during which an elevated landmass, affected by the process of erosion, transforms into a shapeless flat plain."

Located in the Indian Ocean, Mauritius is known as "Mini India." Mauritius is an equatorial island nation. Mauritius is called "Mini India" because a large segment of its population is of Indian origin, having been brought to Mauritius from India during the British period. The two countries share significant similarities in culture and tradition, language, religion, and political and cultural relations.

The industrial, subsistence, and commercial/commercial frameworks were recognized by Anderson in 1970 when he classified the world's agricultural systems. Other major agricultural systems recognized by him are:
(i) Shifting cultivation (ii) Pastoral nomadism (iii) Mediterranean agriculture (iv) Dairy farming (v) Mixed farming (vi) Agricultural pastoralism.

Global navigation satellites are arranged in chronological order of launch as follows: GPS→ GLONASS → Beidou → Galileo. The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) consists of a constellation of Earth-orbiting satellites that broadcast their positions in space and time, a network of ground control stations and receivers that calculate ground positions by trilateration.
Currently, GNSS includes two fully operational global systems, the Global Positioning System (GPS) of the United States and GLONASS of the Russian Federation, as well as developing global and regional systems, namely, Galileo of Europe and Beidou (Compass/Bei-Dou) of China, the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) and the Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) of Japan.

In the Philippines, tropical cyclones are known as Baguio. Tropical cyclones originate in the ionized regions between 30° North and 30° South latitude. They are low-pressure convergent circulation systems with an average diameter of up to 640 km.
The direction of air circulation is counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. Tropical cyclones are known by various names, such as hurricanes in the North Atlantic Ocean, especially in the Caribbean Sea, and the southeastern USA; typhoons in the North Pacific Ocean, especially in the China Sea, the eastern and southern coasts of China, and Southeast Asia; cyclones in Bangladesh and the eastern coasts of India; and willy-willys in Australia.

Herodotus, Hecataeus, and Thales are Greek geographers, while Ratzel and Hettner are both German geographers. Greek geographers include Homer, Thales, Anaximander, Aristotle, Theophrastus, Eratosthenes, Polybius, Hipparchus, and Posidonius. Herodotus (485- 425 BCE) was a renowned Greek historian and geographer who traveled and described the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions.
Herodotus was the first to describe the continents of Africa and Asia as divided by the Red Sea. Hecataeus is considered the "father of geography." His famous book, "Periods," was published in two volumes in 520 BCE. Thales is considered the first Greek scholar to make meaningful efforts to determine the location of various places on the Earth's surface.

In Weber's industrial location theory, some raw materials are fixed in specific locations, while others are universally distributed. Markets are not fixed at a single point; they can be located anywhere. Transportation costs are determined by the weight and distance of the product. In general, Weber hypothesized that the lowest costs yield the highest profits. Weber was the first to formulate the theory of industrial location, published in 1909 in the German book "Aber den Standort der Industrien." It was translated into English twenty years later in 1929 as "Theory of Location of Industries." Weber relied on several assumptions to formulate his theory.
1. The proposed region or region for the establishment of an industry is a distinct unit under a single administration, where there are similarities in geographical conditions such as climate, culture, technology, and so on.
2. Complete information is available regarding the source of raw materials.
3. There is complete information about consumption locations, and markets in such locations are located as distinct points.
4. Labor is available not everywhere but in certain regions.
5. The economy is based on a free market, and perfect competition exists for the supply of goods in the market.