NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, December, 2019 Geography

The form factor is the ratio of basin area to the square of basin length. If basin area is denoted by 'A' and maximum basin length being 'L', then form factor Rf= A/L²
It is important to mention here that it is a measurement of drainage and discharge.
A river drainage basin is an area drained by a river and all of its tributaries. A river basin is made up of many different watersheds.
A watershed is a small version of a river basin. Every stream and tributary has its own watershed, which drains to a larger stream or wetland. The area having high form represents the mature state of rivers basin area, while in Youth river basin area form factor tends to low because of presence of numerous stream in relatively small area.

Multiple Nuclei Model of urban structure devised by C.D Harris and E.L Ullman, urban land use pattern of nuclear centres of 3 and 6 are Low class residential and heavy manufacturing.
In 1945 a less rigid model capable of application to а variety of urban patterns was proposed by two geographers C.D. Harris and E. Ullman, known as Multiple Nuclei theory'.
This theory suggests that land use pattern in most of the large cities develops around a number of discrete centres or nuclei rather than a single centre as described
in the concentric or sector models.

Rilley's law of retail gravitation (1931) aims to find a point of indifference between two locations, so the trading area of each can be determined. This point is assumed to be a function of the distance between two locations pondered by their respective size (population often used for this purpose). A location can thus be more attractive than the other.
The breaking point (BP) boundary make the outer edge of their respective trade areas according to Rilley's Law of Retail Gravitation
The formula of breaking point, d=D/(1+√(Pa/Pb))
Where,
D= distance between two cities = 18 km
Pa= population of largest city = 24000 persons
Pb= population of smaller city = 6000 persons

Given drainage pattern represents Dendritic system. Drainage Pattern is the pattern formed by the streams, rivers, and lakes in a particular drainage basin. The pattern created by stream erosion over time reveals characteristics of the kind of rocks and geologic structures in a landscape region drained by streams.
Dendritic or Pinnate Drainage Pattern-
This is an irregular tree branch shaped pattern that develops in a terrain which has uniform lithology (uniform rock structure), and where faulting and jointing are insignificant. Examples: Indus, Godavari, Mahanadi, Cauvery, Krishna from dendritic pattern.

Central-place theory is an element of location theory concerning the size and distribution of central places (settlements) within a system.
It is a normative theory
No of settlements are represented by 'K'.
Significantly, Central-place theory attempts to illustrate how settlements locate in relation to one another, the amount of market area a central place can control, and why some central places function as hamlets, villages, towns, or cities.
The theory was postulated by Walther Christaller.
It was published in his book "Central Place in Southern Germany" (Die zentralen Orte in Suddeutschland) in 1933 and translated in English in 1966.
The administrative principle
This theory indicates that Settlements are nested according to sevens.
The market areas of the smaller settlements are completely enclosed within the area of the larger settlement. It is important to mention here that Tributary areas must be allocated exclusively to a single higher-order place. Efficiency administration is the control principle in this hierarchy
For K = 7

The Hydraulic Slope Theory was first introduced by Robert E. Horton in 1945. Significantly, he was the first to formalize the importance of topography to hillslope hydrology by proposing that a critical hillslope length was required to generate a channel.
It is important to mention here that Horton quantitatively suggested four new laws or principles: the law of steam lengths, the law of stream numbers, limits on infiltration capacity, Law of overland flow. Horton realized that the physical characteristics of the terrain have a substantial effect in determining runoff patterns.

In unsupervised classification, classifiers do not rather this type of classification involves algorithms that examine the unknown pixels in an image and aggregate them into a number of classes based on the natural groupings or clusters present in the image values. An image is a two-dimensional representation of objects in a real scene. Remote sensing images are representations of parts of the earth surface as seen from space. The images may be analog or digital. Aerial photographs are examples of analog images while satellite images acquired using electronic sensors are examples of digital images.
Associated with each pixel is a number is known as Digital Number (DN) or Brightness Value (BV), which depicts the average radiance of a relatively small area within a scene.
Significantly, a smaller number indicates low average radiance from the area and the high number is an indicator of high radiant properties of the area.

Application for network analysis is not an advantage for raster data format.
Advantages for raster data format
• Raster data Format used the matrix of cell with values representing a coordinate and sometime linked to an attribute data table and it is much simpler for many layer combination.
Raster data is very easy to modify or program due to simple data structure.
• This type of data is used by Remote sensing satellite to collect and store data regarding the features of landscape.

The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India released the data on Population by Religious Communities of Census 201(a) The distribution is total population by six major religious communities namely, Hindu, Muslim, Christian, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain besides "Other Religions and Persuasions” and “Religion not.stated".
The data are released by sex and residence up to sub-districts and towns. Total Population in 2011 is 121.09 crores ; Hindu 96.63 crores (79.8%); Muslim 17.22 crores (14.2%); Christian 2.78 crores (2.3%); Sikh 2.08 crores (1.7%); Buddhist 0.84 crores (0.7%); Jain 0.45 crores (0.4%), Other Religions & Persuasions (ORP) 0.79 crores (0.7%) and Religion Not Stated 0.29 crores (0.2%).
The percentage share of Muslim population to total population in following five State: