NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, December, 2019 Geography

L. Febvre is the founder of Possibilism Lucien Febvre (1878-1956) was born in Nancy, the capital of Lorraine (France) where his father was, at that time, teaching at the university.
Febvre introduced the concept of possiblism in his book 'A geographical introduction to history' where in the states that "there are no necessities, but everywhere possibilities; and man, as a master of the possibilities, is the judge of their use”.
Possibilism believes that men have the most influence as a geographical agent on the earth. The doctrine of possibilism tries to explain the relationship of a human being with the environment in a different way; it puts humans at a higher level (Pedestal) and regards it as an active agent. Later, Vidal-de-laBlache took the work to propagate possiblism.

In 1687, Issac Newton gave in 'The Principia the 'equilibrium theory which explains the origin of tides on earth which is entirely composed of oceans and taken no consideration of continents which is his major drawback also. He give for the first time a rational explanation of tides and tide producing forces of the moon and the sun.
While discussing about Newton's effort we can say that he was one of the pathfinders of modern geography. in 1687, Sir Isaac Newton explained that ocean tides result from the gravitational attraction of the sun and moon on the oceans of the earth.
According to Issac Newton gravity is one major force that creates tides. Tidal forces are based on the gravitational attractive force from Sun and Moon.

'Rally for Valley' program in India was organized to highlight the problem of Resettlement of displaced persons.
Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) started its 'rally for the valley' from Indore to resume its protest against increasing the water level of the Sardar Sarovar Dam and the submergence of villages that it will cause and also to resettle those villages in those Valley. It is noteworthy that it is an Indian social movement initiated by native tribals (Adivasis), farmers, environmentalists, and human rights activists against the construction of a large number of dams and projects across the river Narmada.

Spectral Resolution is related to sensitivity of remote sensing detector to record differences in portions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Spectral resolution describes the ability of a sensor to define fine wavelength intervals. The finer the spectral resolution, the narrower the wavelength range for a particular channel or band. Black and white film records wavelengths extending over much, or all of the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

:Mid-latitude or frontal cyclones are large traveling atmospheric cyclonic storms up to 2000 kilometers in diameter with centers of low atmospheric pressure. An intense mid-latitude cyclone may have a surface pressure as low as 970 millibars, compared to an average sea-level pressure of 1013 millibars. Pressure gradient, frictional force and coriolis force are associated with formation of Mid Latitude cyclone.
We know that Pressure gradient is the rate of change of pressure with respect to distance. The pressure gradient is strong where the isobars are close to each other and is weak where the isobars are apart.
Frictional Force is related with the speed of the wind. It is greatest at the surface and minimal at sea surface. It is important to mention here that Coriolis Force affects the direction of the wind. It deflects the wind to the right direction in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere. The Coriolis force is directly proportional to the angle of latitude. It is maximum at the poles and is absent at the equator. Thus, the Correct answer is D.

A. Hettner defined geography as a chorological science. Chorology stems from Greek word choros for 'place' or space and the suffix logy for 'study of, Chorology in very simple words means the areal distribution of geographical phenomena over a particular region on the surface of the earth.
It is important to mention here that German geographer Alfer Hettner defined geography as a chorological science. He was of the view that geography should be studied as a chorological science, which studies diverse phenomena existing together in regions of the earth's space.

We all know this fact that about three fourth of the earth is covered by the hydrosphere.
We also know that a major portion of the Hydrosphere is covered by the ocean. The ocean floors are characterized by four relief zones - Continental Shelf, Continental Slope, Deep Sea Plain, and Oceanic deep or trench. Notably, besides, these divisions, there are also major and minor relief features in the ocean floors like ridges, hills, seamounts, guyots, trenches, canyons, etc.

Hutton postulated the 'Doctrine of Uniformitarianism' in 1785 is his book 'The theory of earth'. Uniformitarianism stands for the concept that→ 'Geological process that operated in the past also operated in present but although not at the same rate'. He also opined the cyclic nature of earth process i.e. Every destruction is succeeded by construction and every construction is succeeded by destruction which lead his to say that "No vestige of beginning and no prospects of the end"

Ptolemy said that geography is a science which deals with the art of map-making. Claudius Ptolemy was a Greek mathematician, astronomer and geographer who lived in the Egyptian city of Alexandria while under the rule of the Roman Empire. He wrote the book 'Almagest' which was called by Ptolemy 'The mathematical syntaxis' in which he describes his geocentric model of Universe known as Ptolemaic system of medieval astronomy and geography were built on his ideas: his world map was, published as part of his treatise Geographia in the 2nd century.
Ptolemy in his work 'Geographia' compiled geographical coordinates of the part of the world known to the Roman Empire during his time. He was the first geographer who used longitudinal and latitudinal lines on map. He specifies terrestrial locations by celestial observations.

Lumbering is a primary activity.
What are primary activities
Primary activities are directly dependent on environment as these refer to utilisation of earth's resources such as land, water, vegetation, building materials and minerals.
Primary activities includes, hunting and gathering, pastoral activities, fishing, forestry, agriculture, and mining and quarrying. The four fundamental activities of lumbering are felling, limbing, skidding and hauling.