NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, December, 2019 Geography

The above-given figure explains the Central Place model.
Central Place model
Central place theory attempts to illustrate how settlements locate in relation to one another, the amount of market Area a central place can control and why central places function as hamlets, villages, towns or cities. The theory related to Central Place model was postulated by Walther Christaller.
This theory is given in his book "Central Place in Southern Germany" (Die zentralen Orte in Suddeutschland), which was published in 193(c) Signficantly, the book was translated in English in 1966. According to this theory No of settlements are
represented by 'K.
In this theory Range of goods stands for the maximum distance the person will travel to avail the good. Threshold of goods-: It represents the minimum number of population demand/market required for, to bring about the selling of a particular goods or service.

Geologist James Hutton said that "The present is the key to the past". which is known as Uniformitarlanism. According to Hutton most of the features on the surface of the Earth were formed by slow, ongoing geologic processes, not by sudden catastrophic events. The erosion of landforms, the deposition of sediments, the drifting of continents and the eruption of volcanoes - all of these were happening long ago, on roughly the same scale and at roughly the same rate as they are today. Thus, the Correct answer is C.

The North-South Divide is the socio-economic and political division between developed and least developed countries. It is shown through Brandt line which separates the wealthy and rich global nations North from poorer nations of global South Notably, majority of the developed countries located in the northern hemisphere and poor countries are located in southern hemisphere but north-south divide is not a geographical phenomenon. Economic development is a measure of progress in a specific economy.

It is known fact that the quantity of energy decreases due to respiration, excretion or decomposition, down the chain away from the plants. In an ecosystem the producers are consumed by the primary consumers whereas the primary consumers are, eaten by the secondary consumers.
Except this, the secondary consumers are consumed by the tertiary consumers. The animals as primary or secondary consumers are at the end of the food chain and have to roam over large areas to obtain their food. Organisms of an ecosystem are linked together through a foodchain. Transfer of energy that occurs during the process of a foodchain from one level to another is known as flow of energy and this flow of energy follows the 10% rule

Stevenson screen is a type of cage or box which contains the instrument inside it, it is used to protect the instrument measure from external influents like rain, wind, etc. It mainly contains the monometer inside it to measure temperature. While Anemometer → is a instrument used to find out wind direction and it must be placed in open air rather than in Stevenson screen.

According to the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, (1995) introduction of new species is the main cause of animal extinction since 1600 A.D.
It is noteworthy that new species are introduced by people of predators, parasites, and pests, especially to islands, which has been and continues to be the greatest cause of animal extinction.

The Concept of Lebensraum was introduced by German geographer Friedrich Ratzel in 1901 in his book 'Politsche Geographie'. He espoused a form of social Darwinism and applying the idea of survival for the fittest to nation states.
According to Ratzel, Lebensraum (Living space in English) is the geographical area within which living organisms develop and it deals with the relation between human society and a special organization and its physical setting.
Ratzel has put the logic that the development of a people was influenced by their geographic situation, and that a society who effectively adapted to one geographic territory would logically expand the borders of their country into other territory.
Thus, the Correct answer is D.

A. O. Hirschman advocated the policy of deliberate unbalanced development. He was, an American Economic Professor, explained the economic growth process in terms strikingly similar to those of Myrdal. He felt that " Interregional inequality of growth is an inevitable concomitant and condition of growth itself and explained his concept with the help of two terms i.e.," Trickling-down effect" and Polarization effect".