NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, December, 2022 Geography

Debris Avalanche is fastest Geomorphic phenomena. Earth flow – when earth material moves down a hillside as fluid like mass.
Solifluction – It is variety of earth flow with water saturated earth material over an impregnable surface such as permafrost move at very slow pace that is mainly non perceptible Ex- 1-2 cm.
Mudflow – Mudflow is a liquid mass of soil, rock debris and water that moves quickly down a well defined channel.
Debris Avalanche is a rapidly churning mass of rock debris, soil, water and air that roles down very steep slope

Minimum three seismic stations data is required to map epicenter of Earthquake. Point under the Earth's crust where seismic waves originate called 'Focus' of Earthquake. The point directly above the Focus on the surface called Epicenter. The intensity of Earthquake is highest at the epicenter and decreases with distance from epicenter.

Penck stated that valley side slope gives a clue to relative importance of exogenic and endogenic processes. Walter Penck propounded concept 'Morphological system' on development of several landforms. This model stated morphological feature of any specific place are closely related to tectonic events of that place so features of landform explains development of tectonic movement and their causes.
Penck stated that side slope of valley had two part. In upper part the conical and steep rising landform is called 'gravity slopes' or 'Boschungen' while the lower segment of the valley sides is known as wash slopes or 'Haldenhang'.

Damage severity is not directly related to magnitude of Earthquake. Length of fault section that broke, Depth of focus and Amount of energy released by earthquake are directly related to magnitude of Earthquake. Magnitude of Earthquake is measure of released energy by Earthquake. Magnitude of Earthquake depends on Amplitude, Acceleration and frequency of seismic waves, magnitude of Earthquake is measured by Richter scale. Richter scale was invented by Charles Richter. Damage severity is the outcome of the magnitude of the earthquake and is not directly related to magnitude of earthquake.

Ozone gas is primary ingredient of photochemical smog. Smog word is combination of Fog and smoke. Ozone Gas primarily occurs in Stratosphere. It protects earth from harmful ultraviolet rays but when it occurs in troposphere near earth surface works as pollutants. Surface ozone produced due to reaction of Nitrogen oxide and vapoures organic matters in presence of sunlight. Smog decrease visibility and affect environment adversely. Mainly seen in large Metropolis & Megapolis.

Lowest layer of Atmosphere is called Troposphere where all the atmospheric weather phenomenon occurs. Upper limit of Troposphere is called Tropopause. Height of Tropopause is 1 to 10 km on poles. 11 km on mid latitudes and 16 to 17 km on equator.
Seasonal change also occurs in height of Tropopause. In this layer lowering of temperature stops. Tropopause separates Troposphere and Stratosphere. Hence this layer has features of both the layers.

Average temperature of Earth remains constant because insolation received from sun and terrestrial radiation from earth is almost equal. This balance is known as "Heat Budget of the Earth". If Earth get 100 unit heat form sun. 35 unit reflected back before reaching earth surface. 27 unit by clouds, 2 units by snow covered surface and 6 unit scattered in atmosphere. The ration of reflected amount of sunlight to the incident radiation is termed as Albedo which is larger for the white surface and lesser for darker and vegetation covered surface.

There are various types of lightening based on the nature of charged particle of clouds i.e. (negative or positive). When lightning originates in the cirrus anvil or upper part of thunderstorm where a high positive charge resides and the ground is negatively charge then it called as the cloud to ground lightning. Although +ve lighting makes up 5% of all strikes but it is particularly dangerous for several reasons → + ve lightning burns through vast amount of air to reach ground because of its origination in upper air its flash duration is larges and its peak charge and potential to damage can be 10 x then –ve strike. The +ve charge lightning are believed to be responsible for a large % of forest fires and power line damages thus it is more lethal and cause greater damage.

Environmental aesthetics approach advocates to think that the most effective philosophical ground for protecting the natural environment is to think in terms of natural beauty. Environmental aesthetics approach prevents all such activities which degrade environment and promote environmental beauty.

Producers has maximum biomass in terrestrial ecosystem. Producers includes Green plants and few bacteria and Algae which can made their food from inorganic substance through photosynthesis and chemosynthesis process. In Terrestrial ecosystem rooted plants form major part while in Aquatic ecosystem major part of producer formed by phytoplankton's.