NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, December, 2022 Geography

As per the Food and Agriculture Organisation Brazil and Indonesia were the leading countries in the world in terms of forest depletion between 1990 to 2015. Brazil and Indonesia reported 0.2 & 0.7% forest depletion rate between 2010-2015. Forests cover 31% of Global land area. More than half of the world's forest are found in only five countries (The Russian Federation, Brazil, Canada, USA and China).

According to United Nations Energy Statistics 2022 USA is largest and Russia is second largest Natural Gas producing countries of the world.
* Coal production China > Indonesia > USA.
* Oil production ⇒USA > Russia > Saudi Arabia.
* Nuclear Energy ⇒ USA > France > China

Venezuela (South America) is part of OPEC. OPEC is a permanent inter governmental organization of 13 oil exporting developing Nations. It was founded in 1960. OPEC Secretariat is the executive organ of OPEC located in Vienna. It also functions as Headquarters of the organisation. Member countries of OPEC are Algeria, Angola, Congo-Equotorial Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Kuwait Libya, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Venezuela.

Spatial feature manipulation is applied in Image Enhancement procedure of digital image interpretation. Spatial feature manipulation refers to image texture.
* Smooth areas have low spatial frequencies.
* Rough areas have high spatial frequencies.

When rock fracture in earth crust and again the same rock masses move in different directions it is known as fault. Angle of the fault (dip) and direction of slip used to classify fault. Faults which move along the direction of the dip plane are dip slip faults and described as either normal or reverse fault. Faults which move horizontally are known as strike skip faults and classified either right lateral or left lateral. Faults which show both dip slip and strike slip motion known as oblique slip fault.

Rift valley is a landform formed due to tectonic forces. Rift valley forms where Earth's tectonic plates move apart. Largest rift valley of world is Great African Rift Valley (Africa) Blind Valley is a deep, narrow, flat bottomed valley with abrupt ending found in Karst region.
V shaped valley is landform developed by river flow, it develops in mountainous region where river flows with speed.
U shaped valley is landform developed in glacial region.

Solifluction is not a fast type of mass movement. Solifluction is the name for the slow downhill flow of soil in Arctic region. It occurs slowly and measured in milimeters or centimeters per year.
Solifluction happens during the summer thaw when the water in the soil is trapped there be frozen permafrost beneath it. Rock fall, mud flow, Bedrock slump are fast type of mass movement.

Statement (a) is not correct about development of tropical cyclone. Conditions for development of Tropical Cyclone
(i) Tropical cyclones found between 5°-15° latitudes in both hemisphere. Tropical cyclones do not occur between equator and 5° latitude due to low coriolis force.
(ii) Temperature of ocean should be 27°C or more than 27°C.
(iii) Warm and moist air.
(iv) converging winds.
(v) Winds which do not vary greatly with height known as Low Wind Shear.

German climatologist wladimir koppen divided world climate in 5 major climate groups and subdivided into 14 individual climate types. Meaning of above given words according to Koppensis classification.
Af → Tropical wet climate
Cfb→Marine west coast climate
BF→Semiarid / Steppe climate
ET→Tundra climate.

In the three cell circulation model the energy that drives Hadley cell is supplied by the latent heat released during the formation of cumulonimbus clouds. Three cell circulation divides atmosphere circulation in 3 cells Hadley cell, Ferrel cell and polar cell. Hadley cell→ Hadley cell is found between 10 to 30 degrees latitude.
Air rises at equator and Ascending air cools below the tropopause and forms the anti-trade wind which blows away from the pole. They lead to upper air about 30° latitude which sinks and causes subtropical high pressure, this cell is completed by the trade winds which travels from the high pressure towards equator.