NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, December, 2022 Geography

Spatial interaction is the flow of information products and human beings from one location to another. Three principles of spatial interaction as proposed by Edward Ullman are complimentarity.
Transferability and Intervening opportunity. Complementarity- It shows the relationship between supply and demand i.e., spatial interaction occurs between only those two place in which one have demand for something while another place is able to supply.
Transferability-: This principle of transferability is the potential for interaction between places that can occur by covering distance, time and cost. Intervening Opportunity-: The third principle that controls the flows of spatial interaction between place is more about weighing the cost and benefits of all the alternative options.

Main attributes of Jatis
(i) Jatis are hierarchically graded
(ii) They invariably have a Jati linked occupation
(iii) Members of a Jati generally share homogenous culture, having similar way of living.
(iv) Consideration of Achievements and mobility does not determine interaction between different units.
(v) Jatis are endogamous unit means marriages only within the caste.

The fundamental internal function of the state is to establish a truly effective entity, not merely in accordance with international law. According to state criteria Administrative system is formed to have definite portion of earth surface with valid boundaries and to perform intended functions for public. Along with this an organised means of transmitting goods, persons and ideas from one region to another is developed.
The main purpose of the state is not to promote any particular language or culture, but its main purpose is political. The value over which he has complete control is completely political. Size of state grows with it's culture and the first stimulus for the development of state comes to it from somewhere outside Due to which he gets organised and develops.

Scottish geographer "James Hutton" (1726-97) in his book 'Theory of Earth' first propounded theory of 'uniformitarianism' in 1785 while Darwin gave his theory in 1859 so Hutton did not influence by Darwin while giving his theory. In this book he gave statement "present is the key of past" which was further modified by his disciples John Playair and Charles Lyell. American geographer William Morris Davis developed theory of cycle of erosion.
Darwin's work on the origin of Atolls and the idea regarding slow transformation of biological species over time together inspired Davis to develop his own theory of the cycle of erosion. Fleure emphasized on "historical traditions" in the discussion of urban morphology related to his state and cities while in the study to races, influenced by Darwin, emphasizes the unity of human studies.

American geographer W.M.Davis first presented his concept of cycle of Erosion in 1889. In the words of Davis 'visible Earth' is product of structure, process and time which was given as 'Trio' by Davis. The Davisian Model of the erosion cycle is time and space dependent. The famous geographer Walter Penck in 1924 in his geographical cycle model discussed.
• The geographical cycle laid great emphasis on phase and pay less Attention to structure.
• Walter Penck emphasized that the forms of landforms are related to the stage and rate of uplift and rate of degradation.

Chromite (oxide of chromium and Ferrous) found in the form of segregating masses and veins in ultra basic rocks such as Dunite, Peridotite and Serpentine. It is very important ore of chromium Jamnagar oil refinery has the largest installed capacity and uses imported crude petroleum. In present India is largest producer of Thorium.
The Ilmenite beach sands of Kerala contains the largest reserves of Monazite in India.
The objective of Biosphere reserve is to promote conservation of biodiversity and cultural diversity.

Main foci of geographical interest in electoral studies are Geography of voting. Geographic influences on voting and Geography of representation. While symbols of political parties and voting margin did not comes under geography paradigm.

Discharge of warm water from thermal power plants into rivers contribute to thermal pollution. Terrace farming is an option to control soil erosion in mountainous regions. But terrace forming is not only way to control soil erosion in Mountains. Hence option (B) and (D) are not correct. Answer is (d).

Growth pole theory of Economic and regional development was propounded by Francois Perroux in 1955. His concept was centered on Growth of poles in economic space.
• Theory of Perroux was modified by economist J.R. Baudeville and published as "development centre theory" in which he included the geographical dimension to growth pole theory
• Process of Polarisation depends on Agglomeration economies, example – silicon valley of U.S.A. (san francisco)
• The trickledown effect are of minimum interest to regional planners
• Spatial interactions include movement of goods only is not correct.