NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, December 2023 (Anthropology)

Total Questions: 100

41. Which of the following are the measures of dispersion of 'distribution of data"?

(a) Standard derivation
(b) Z Score
(c) Range
(d) Semi-interquartile deviation
(e) Variance
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: A. (a), (c), (d) and (e) only
Solution:The measures of dispersion of 'distribution of data' include standard deviation, range, semi-interquartile deviation, and variance. Dispersion measures describe the spread of data points around a central value. Standard deviation (a) quantifies the amount of variation or dispersion.

Range (c) is the difference between the highest and lowest values. Semi-interquartile deviation (d) measures the spread of the middle 50% of the data. Variance (e) is the average of the squared differences from the mean. Z score (b) is a measure of relative position, not dispersion, making options (a), (c), (d), and (e) the correct choices.

42. Which of the following primate groups have the dental formula 2:1:2:3?

(a) Mandrill
(b) Japanese Macaque
(c) Gibbons
(d) Marmoset
(e) Capuchin Monkey
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: B. (a), (b) and (c) only
Solution:The dental formula 2:1:2:3 is found in mandrills, Japanese macaques, and gibbons. This dental formula indicates two incisors, one canine, two premolars, and three molars in each quadrant of the mouth, which is typical of Old World monkeys and apes.

Marmosets (d) and capuchin monkeys (e) have different dental formulas, reflecting their classification as New World monkeys. Therefore, the correct primate groups with the 2:1:2:3 dental formula are mandrills, Japanese macaques, and gibbons.

43. Which of the following are considered as nonparametric tests?

(a) ANOVA
(b) Mann Whitney U statistics
(c) Chi square test
(d) Spearman's Rank correlation
(e) Fisher's Exact test
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: D. (b), (c), (d) and (e) only
Solution:Nonparametric tests include Mann Whitney U statistics, Chi square test, Spearman's Rank correlation, and Fisher's Exact test. These tests do not assume a specific distribution for the data and are used for ordinal data or when the assumptions of parametric tests are not met.

ANOVА (a) is a parametric test used to compare means across groups. Mann Whitney U (b) compares differences between two independent groups. Chi square test (c) assesses relationships between categorical variables. Spearman's Rank correlation (d) measures the strength of association between two ranked variables. Fisher's Exact test (e) evaluates the significance of associations in small samples. Thus, options (b), (c), (d), and (e) are nonparametric tests.

44. The superfamily hominoidea includes :

(a) Gorilla
(b) Chimpanzee
(c) Gibbon
(d) Baboon
(e) Howler monkey
Choose  the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: C. (a), (b) and (c) only
Solution:The superfamily Hominoidea includes gorillas, chimpanzees, and gibbons. Hominoidea, or apes, comprises both the lesser apes (gibbons) and the great apes (gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and orangutans). Baboons (d) and howler monkeys (e) are not part of this group; baboons belong to the family Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys), and howler monkeys are New World monkeys. Therefore, the correct members of the superfamily Hominoidea are gorillas, chimpanzees, and gibbons.

45. Which of the following sites of South Africa yielded hominid fossils?

(a) Border Cave
(b) Klasis River Mouth
(c) Saldanha
(d) Lake Mungo
(e) Middle Awash
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: B. (a), (b), (c) and (d) only
Solution:The sites of South Africa that yielded hominid fossils include Border Cave, Klasis River Mouth, and Saldanha. Border Cave has produced important fossil evidence of early Homo sapiens. Klasies River Mouth has also provided significant fossil remains and evidence of early human habitation.

Saldanha is known for the discovery of the Saldanha Man (or the Saldanha Skull), a Homo heidelbergensis fossil. Lake Mungo and Middle Awash are significant fossil sites, but they are located in Australia and Ethiopia, respectively. Thus, the South African sites with hominid fossils are Border Cave, Klasies River Mouth, and Saldanha.

46. Which of the following points are correct in relation to the classification of Indian races by S.S. Sarkar?

(a) Indo-Aryans are mesocephal
(b) There are six major racial elements
(c) Scytho-Dravidian is one of the major racial elements
(d) Mesocephalic and Brachycephalic types are restricted to some regional populations
(e) Dolichocephalic is the predominant type in Indian population
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: B. (b), (d) and (e) only
Solution:According to S.S. Sarkar's classification of Indian races, there are six major racial elements, mesocephalic and brachycephalic types are restricted to some regional populations, and dolichocephalic is the predominant type in the Indian population.
(a) The Indo-Aryans are typically dolichocephalic, not mesocephalic. This means their head length is greater than their head breadth, which is a characteristic feature of many Indian populations.
(b) S.S. Sarkar identified six major racial elements in the Indian population. These include the Negrito, Proto-Australoid, Mongoloid, Mediterranean, Western Brachycephals, and Nordic elements. This classification reflects the diverse racial composition of the Indian subcontinent. (c) The Scytho-Dravidian element, although discussed by some anthropologists, is not one of the primary classifications made by S.S. Sarkar.
(d) Mesocephalic (medium head) and brachycephalic (broad head) types are found in certain regional populations, showing the variation within the Indian population.
(e) Dolichocephalic (long-headed) is the predominant type in the Indian population, reflecting the general cranial features observed in the broader classification.
Therefore, options (b), (d), and (e) correctly reflect S.S. Sarkar's classification, making them the accurate descriptors.

47. Who among the following are the Forensic Anthropologists?

(a) Thomas Dale Stewart
(b) Catherine Panter-Brick
(c) Prasanta K. Chattopadhyay
(d) Kewal Krishan
(e) Alec John Jeffreys
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :

Correct Answer: C. (a), (c) and (d) only
Solution:Forensic anthropologists include Thomas Dale Stewart, Prasanta K. Chattopadhyay, and Kewal Krishan. These individuals have made significant contributions to the field of forensic anthropology, which involves the application of anthropological methods and techniques to legal investigations, particularly in the identification of human remains. Catherine Panter-Brick is an anthropologist known for her work on health and human development, and Alec John Jeffreys is a geneticist famous for developing DNA fingerprinting. Therefore, the correct forensic anthropologists are Stewart, Chattopadhyay, and Krishan.

48. Who among the following has worked in the field of 'altruism'?

(a) Aurther Keith
(b) J.B.S. Haldane
(c) Jane Goodall
(d) W.D. Hamilton
(e) Paul Broca
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :

Correct Answer: D. (b) and (d) only
Solution:W.D. Hamilton and J.B.S. Haldane have worked in the field of altruism. Hamilton is renowned for his theory of inclusive fitness and kin selection, which explains altruistic behaviours in terms of genetic relatedness. Haldane also made significant contributions to the understanding of altruism and evolutionary biology. Arthur Keith, Jane Goodall, and Paul Broca have not specifically focused on altruism in their work. Goodall is famous for her studies on chimpanzee behaviour, while Broca is known for his work in neuroanatomy. Thus, the correct researchers in altruism are Hamilton and Haldane.

49. Who among the following declared 'Piltdown Skull' as hoax?

(a) Joseph Weiner
(b) Kenneth Oakley
(c) Wilfrid Le Gross Clark
(d) Arthur Keith
(e) Raymond Dart
Choose the correct answer f.om the options given below :

Correct Answer: B. (a), (b) and (c) only
Solution:Kenneth Oakley, and Joseph Weiner, Wilfrid Le Gross Clark declared the Piltdown Skull a hoax. The Piltdown Skull was initially thought to be an important fossil of an early human ancestor but was later revealed to be a forgery composed of human and ape bones.

Weiner, Oakley, and Le Gross Clark were instrumental in exposing this fraud through careful scientific analysis. Arthur Keith initially supported the authenticity of the Piltdown Man, and Raymond Dart is known for discovering the Taung Child. Therefore, the correct individuals who declared the Piltdown Skull a hoax are Weiner, Oakley, and Le Gross Clark.

50. Which of the following sites yielded fossils of Archaic sapiens?

(a) Hexian
(b) Kabwe
(c) Omo
(d) Florisbad
(e) Dmanisi
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :

Correct Answer: C. (b), (c) and (d) only
Solution:The sites that yielded fossils of Archaic sapiens include Kabwe, Omo, and Florisbad. Kabwe, also known as Broken Hill, is in Zambia and is the site where the Kabwe skull (Homo rhodesiensis) was found. Omo in Ethiopia has yielded numerous significant fossils, including early Homo sapiens.

Florisbad in South Africa is known for the Florisbad skull, an important archaic Homo sapiens fossil. Hexian and Dmanisi are significant fossil sites, but Hexian is associated with Homo erectus, and Dmanisi with early Homo species, not specifically Archaic sapiens. Therefore, the correct sites with Archaic sapiens fossils are Kabwe, Omo, and Florisbad.