NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam February-2023 ARCHAEOLOGY

A. Sonakia (a) was associated with the Geological Survey of India (III). The Geological Survey of India plays an instrumental role in conducting geological studies, and researchers like Sonakia have contributed to the understanding of geological aspects, including the study of fossils, minerals, and other geological attributes.
A. Carlyle (b) was associated with the Archaeological Survey of India (IV). The Archaeological Survey of India is responsible for archaeological research, conservation efforts, and the preservation of India's cultural heritage. Scholars like Carlyle have played vital roles in excavations and research that have enriched our understanding of India's ancient history.
S.P.. Gupta (c) is linked to the Allahabad Museum (II). Museums like the Allahabad Museum house historical artifacts, antiquities, and other essential records of India's rich cultural and historical heritage.
S.K. Saraswat (d) was connected with the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany (I). This institute is dedicated to studying plant fossils, and researchers like Saraswat have immensely contributed to the field.

Prehistory and protohistory of India (a) was authored by H D. Sankalia (I), a renowned archaeologist who made significant contributions to Indian archaeology.
Prehistory and Protohistory of India: An Appraisal (b) was written by K.C. Jain (II).
Jain's works have enriched the understanding of the Indian subcontinent's ancient civilizations.
Prehistory and Protohistory of India and Pakistan (c) is the work of V.K. Jain (III). This book provides a comparative analysis of the prehistoric periods of these two neighboring countries.
Protohistory-Archaeology of the Harappan Civilization (d) was written by S. Settar and R. Korisettar (IV). Their work specifically dives into the Harappan or Indus Valley Civilization, one of the world's oldest urban cultures.

Tarighat (a) is located by the Kharun River (IV). Rivers have historically been pivotal for settlements due to their provision of water, food, and trade routes. Suvarnapur (b) lies along the Mahanadi River (I). The Mahanadi is one of India's major rivers, flowing through central India.
Vidisha (c) is situated near the Betwa River (II). Vidisha has a rich history, being an important trade and religious center in ancient India.
Tala (d) is located by the Maniyari River (II).

Kala (a) is a publication of the Indian Art History Congress (III). The congress plays a vital role in propagating and supporting the study of art history in India.
Puratattva (b) is a journal associated with the Indian Archaeological Society (I). This society is pivotal in archaeological studies and research across India. History Today (c) is associated with the Indian History and culture Society (IV), which promotes and supports the study and understanding of Indian history.
Purakala (d) is linked with the Rock Art Society of India (II). This society delves into the study and conservation of ancient rock art found across the subcontinent.

The establishment of archaeological departments in Indian states took place in different phases, and their chronological order is as follows: Mysore (c) was among the earliest princely states to set up an archaeological department in the early 20th century. Mysore has a rich history that spans several dynasties, and the establishment of an archaeological department was crucial for the preservation of its heritage.
Travancore (b) followed suit, with a strong emphasis on conserving its regional heritage. Kashmir (d), with its unique cultural and historical significance in the subcontinent, established its department subsequently. Lastly, Hyderabad (a) also recognized the importance of preserving its historical assets and set up its department.

The cultural sequence of these sites is as follows: Burj (a) is known for its pre-Harappan artifacts and shows the earliest signs of human settlements. Lohat (b) provides evidence of early Harappan culture and subsequent cultural phases. Meham (c) reflects the transitional phase from early to mature Harappan cultures. Hansi (d) showcases the mature Harappan culture, which marks the pinnacle of this civilization's urbanization process.

The chronological sequence of these ceramics is: Painted Gray Ware (b) finds its origin in the early Iron Age of northern India. Northern Black Polished Ware (d) is a hallmark of the later Vedic age, marking urbanization and the emergence of Janapadas and Mahajanapadas. Red Polished Ware (a) is indicative of trade and urbanization in peninsular India. Finally, Celadon Ware (c) is significant to the post-Mauryan period and was influenced by contacts with Southeast Asia and China.

The coins' sequence, according to their issue date, is: Ashwamedha type (a) is associated with the early post-Mauryan period and signifies royal authority and rituals. Chakradhawaja type (c) coins symbolize the divine protection of the ruling dynasty. Lion-slayer type (d) represents the Kushan period's royal iconography and the influence of Hellenistic art forms. Kartikeya type (b) coins are a testament to the syncretic nature of the subcontinent's religious beliefs, integrating indigenous and foreign influences.