NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, January 2024 (Anthropology)

Total Questions: 100

11. The Natufians were:

A. Mammoth Hunters
B. Semi-sedentary Societies
C. Exploiters of wild emmer and barley
D. Users of bone sickles with flint blades
E. Sculptora of three dimensional art
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

1. A and B Only
2. А, В and C Only
3. C, D and E Only
4. B, C and D Only

Correct Answer: 4. B, C and D Only

Solution:B. Semi-sedentary Societies: The Natufians (circa 12,500-9,500 BCE) in the Levant were among the first known semi-sedentary hunter-gatherers, meaning they lived in relatively permanent settlements before the full development of agriculture.
C. Exploiters of wild emmer and barley: They gathered and exploited wild cereals like emmer wheat and barley, a significant step towards plant domestication and agriculture.
D. Users of bone sickles with flint blades: The Natufians used composite tools, including bone sickles with microlithic flint blades to harvest wild grasses.
A. Mammoth Hunters is incorrect as mammoth hunting was more associated with Upper Paleolithic societies in Europe.
E. Sculptors of three-dimensional art is not characteristic of the Natufians; this is more applicable to earlier cultures like the Aurignacians (e.g., Venus figurines).

12. Who among the following classified the Indian population solely on the basis of cephalic index?

1. Sarkar
2. Eickstedt
3. Guha
4. Risley

Correct Answer: 1. Sarkar

Solution:R.S. Sarkar, a physical anthropologist, is known for classifying the Indian population primarily and solely on the basis of the cephalic index. His approach focused heavily on cranial measurements, especially the ratio of the maximum breadth to the maximum length of the skull, known as the cephalic index.

Unlike Guha and Eickstedt who used multiple somatometric features (e.g., skin color, hair form, stature, nasal index), Sarkar limited his classification mainly to cranial dimensions, emphasizing a simplified racial typology. His studies contributed to dividing Indian populations into groups like brachycephalic, mesocephalic, and dolichocephalic types, similar in methodology to Risley but carried out more systematically in post-colonial Indian anthropological research.

Therefore, although Risley is more popularly known for early racial classification using the cephalic index, Sarkar's work is specifically recognized for using only the cephalic index in his academic classification model, distinguishing his method from others who used composite traits.

13. The Neolithic cultural evidence of northeastern India is known from:

1. Inamgaon
2. Chandoli
3. Navadatoli
4. Sarutaru

Correct Answer: 4. Sarutaru

Solution:The Neolithic cultural evidence in northeastern India has been excavated from Sarutaru, located in Assam. This site revealed Neolithic tools such as polished stone axes, shouldered celts, and grinding stones, indicating early agricultural practices.

Other options like Inamgaon, Chandoli, and Navdatoli are Neolithic-Chalcolithic sites from western and central India, not the northeastern region.

14. According to L.H. Morgan, middle status of savagery was characterized by:

1. Knowledge of use of fire
2. Fruit-nut subsistence
3. Invention of the art of pottery
4. Use of abode-brick stone

Correct Answer: 1. Knowledge of use of fire

Solution:According to Lewis Henry Morgan, the middle status of savagery is characterized by the discovery and use of fire, and the use of fish for subsistence. He divided human progress into three stages: Savagery, Barbarism, and Civilization, with each stage further divided into lower, middle, and upper statuses.

The invention of pottery (Option 3) belongs to the upper savagery stage, not the middle.

15. The following characteristics belong to DNA:

A. Deoxyribonucleic acid
B. Single stranded
C. Chemical Structure discovered by Watson and Crick
D. Adenine and thymine are paired
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. В, C, D only
2. A, B, D only
3. A, C, D only
4. А, B, C only

Correct Answer: 3. A, C, D only

Solution:A. Deoxyribonucleic acid: DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid, the hereditary material in almost all living organisms.
C. Chemical structure discovered by Watson and Crick: In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA, a major milestone in genetics.
D. Adenine and thymine are paired: In DNA, adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) through two hydrogen bonds.
B. Single-stranded is incorrect because DNA is double-stranded; RNA is single-stranded.

16. Identify the correct sequence of research process:

A. Project execution
B. Determining sample size
C. Developing hypothesis
D. Extensive literature survey
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. B, D, A, C
2. A, B, C, D
3. D, C, B, A
4. C, A, D, B

Correct Answer: 3. D, C, B, A

Solution:D. Extensive literature survey: The research process begins with a thorough review of existing literature to understand prior work and identify gaps.
C. Developing hypothesis: Based on literature, a hypothesis or research question is formulated to be tested or explored.
B. Determining sample size: After hypothesis development, the researcher decides on sample size and sampling techniques, which are crucial for reliability and validity.
A. Project execution: This includes data collection, analysis, and drawing conclusions.

This step follows planning and design. Thus, the correct and logical sequence is D → С В → А.

17. Boasian principle of integration as developed by J. Steward drew upon this aspect of:

1. Emotion
2. Playful impulse
3. Natural desire
4. Environment

Correct Answer: 4. Environment

Solution:Julian Steward, drawing upon Boasian principles, developed the idea of cultural ecology, which emphasized that cultures evolve in response to their environmental settings. He believed that cultural patterns can be explained in relation to specific environmental conditions rather than purely psychological or emotional factors. The Boasian idea that cultures are integrated systems was expanded by Steward to include adaptive responses to the natural environment, forming the basis of his multilinear evolution theory.

18. Choose the correct statement associated with Eco-sensitivity in human adaptation.

A. Individual response to a particular stress
B. Population response to a particular stress
C. It is controlled by the genotype of the individual
D. It is not controlled by the genotype of the individual
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. D and A only
2. A and B only
3. B and C only
4. A and C only

Correct Answer: 4. A and C only

Solution:A. Individual response to a particular stress: Eco-sensitivity refers to how an individual responds to environmental stress such as high altitude, cold, or heat.
C. It is controlled by the genotype of the individual: The physiological and adaptive responses are significantly determined by the genetic makeup of the individual. For example, genetic adaptations in Andean populations to high altitudes.
B and D are incorrect because eco-sensitivity is not a population-wide phenomenon nor independent of genotype.

19. Match the LIST-I with LIST-II.

LIST-I	LIST-II
A. Skull without mandible	I. Calvarium
B. Cranium with mandible	II. Cranium
C. Skull cap	III. Calotte
D. Neurocranium	IV. Skull

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I
2. A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
3. A-I, B-III, C-IV, D-II
4. A-II, B-IV, C-III, D-I

Correct Answer: 4. A-II, B-IV, C-III, D-I

Solution:A. Skull without mandible - II. Cranium: A skull without the lower jaw (mandible) is called a cranium.
B. Cranium with mandible - IV. Skull: When the cranium is joined with the mandible, the structure is called the complete skull.
C. Skull сар - III. Сalotte: The calotte refers to the upper part of the cranium, essentially the skull cap, excluding the facial bones and base.
D. Neurocranium - I. Calvarium: The neurocranium (braincase) when excluding the facial bones and the base, is referred to as the calvarium, which houses the brain.

20. Match the LIST-I with LIST-II.

LIST-I (Author)	LIST-II (Book)
A. I. Schapera	I. The Law of Primitive Man
B. E.A. Hoebel	II. Tribal Legislation among the Tswana of the Bechuanaland Protectorate
C. M. Gluckmann	III. Justice and Judgment among the Tiv
D. P.J. Bohannan	IV. Politics, Law and Ritual in Tribal Society

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
2. A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
3. A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
4. A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I

Correct Answer: 2. A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III

Solution:A. I. Schapera - II. Tribal Legislation among the Tswana of the Bechuanaland Protectorate: Schapera's work focused on traditional legal systems among African tribes, particularly the Tswana.
B. E.A. Hoebel - I. The Law of Primitive Man: Hoebel explored how law operates in stateless societies and studied law as behavior in tribal groups.
C. M. Gluckmann - IV. Politics, Law and Ritual in Tribal Society: Gluckmann, a legal anthropologist, studied the interrelationship of law, custom, and ritual, especially in African tribal societies.
D. P.J. Bohannan - III. Justice and Judgment among the Tiv: Bohannan analyzed the Tiv legal system in Nigeria, focusing on their native principles of justice and the role of kinship in conflict resolution.