NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, January 2024 (Anthropology)

Total Questions: 100

21. Match the LIST-I with LIST-II.

LIST-I (Anthropologist)	LIST-II (Interpretation on the Kula ring)
A. James Frazer	I. Collective
B. B. Malinowski	II. Symbolic
C. Marcel Mauss	III. Culturally defined
D. C. Levi-Strauss	IV. Utilitarian

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
2. A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
3. A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
4. A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III

Correct Answer: 4. A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III

Solution:A. James Frazer IV. Utilitarian: Frazer viewed early exchanges like the Kula ring through a utilitarian and magical lens, interpreting them as early economic and magical practices serving practical and symbolic purposes.
B. B. Malinowski - II. Symbolic: Malinowski, in his seminal work Argonauts of the Western Pacific, described the Kula exchange as symbolic and ceremonial, emphasizing social and psychological motivations behind the act rather than material benefit.
C. Marcel Mauss - I. Collective: In The Gift, Mauss interpreted the Kula as a form of collective social obligation, stressing the moral and social compulsion to give, receive, and reciprocate.
D. C. Levi-Strauss - III. Culturally defined: Levi-Strauss, from a structuralist perspective, saw exchange systems like Kula as cultural codes embedded in systems of social relationships and meanings, particularly focusing on symbolic communication.

22. Match the LIST-I with LIST-II

LIST-I	LIST-II
A. a DNA	I. Paternal Inheritance
B. mt DNA	II. Neanderthal Fossil
C. Y Chromosome	III. Maternal Inheritance
D. X Chromosome Inactivation	IV. Lyons Hypothesis

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
2. A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
3. A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
4. A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I

Correct Answer: 2. A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV

Solution:A. a DNA - II. Neanderthal Fossil: Ancient DNA (aDNA) is recovered from archaeological remains, including Neanderthal fossils, and provides insight into genetic evolution and interbreeding.
B. mtDNA - III. Maternal Inheritance: Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is passed exclusively from mother to offspring, making it essential for studying maternal lineage and human migration.
C. Y Chromosome - I. Paternal Inheritance: The Y chromosome is inherited from father to son, used in tracing paternal lineage and genetic genealogy.
D. X Chromosome - IV. Lyons Hypothesis Inactivation: According to Lyon's hypothesis, in females, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated, a process known as X-inactivation, maintaining gene dosage balance.

23. In 'The Gift', Mauss outlined the following obligations that he claimed characterized the exchange of gifts:

A. The obligation to remember
B. The obligation to return
C. The obligation to receive
D. The obligation to give
E. The obligation to exchange
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A and E only
2. A and B only
3. C, D and E only
4. B, C and D only

Correct Answer: 4. B, C and D only

Solution:In The Gift, Marcel Mauss outlines that traditional gift exchange systems are not voluntary or altruistic. Instead, they are governed by three core obligations:
• To give, initiating the relationship.
• To receive, accepting the bond or alliance.
• To reciprocate, maintaining honor and mutual respect.
These obligations form the foundation of reciprocal social systems across cultures. Options A (remember) and E (exchange) are implied outcomes but not core obligations outlined by Mauss.

24. Late age of onset is the property of:

1. Autosomal recessive mode of inheritance
2. X-linked recessive mode of inheritance
3. Autosomal dominant mode of inheritance
4. X-linked dominant mode of inheritance

Correct Answer: 3. Autosomal dominant mode of inheritance

Solution:Late onset conditions are most commonly associated with autosomal dominant inheritance, where only one copy of the mutated gene is enough to cause the disorder. Classic examples include Huntington's disease, which typically presents in mid-adulthood, often between ages 30-50.

This is because autosomal dominant conditions can be delayed-onset, meaning individuals often reproduce before symptoms appear, thus passing the gene to the next generation. In contrast, autosomal recessive and X-linked disorders often present early in life.

25. The Mousterian associated cultural traditions are with:

1. Homo erectus
2. Homo habilis
3. Homo neanderthal
4. Homo floresiensis

Correct Answer: 3. Homo neanderthal

Solution:The Mousterian culture is closely associated with Homo neanderthalensis (Neanderthals), dating from approximately 160,000 to 40,000 years ago, mainly in Europe and western Asia. This culture is characterized by Levallois technique and prepared core technology for flake tools, including scrapers, points, and notched tools.

The Mousterian toolkit reflects advanced cognitive abilities, planning, and perhaps symbolic behavior such as burial of the dead. It is not associated with Homo erectus, habilis, or floresiensis, who belong to earlier or geographically distinct traditions.

26. The Upper Paleolithic bone tools are discovered at:

1. Gudium
2. Bathamcherla
3. Patne
4. Adichanallur

Correct Answer: 2. Bathamcherla

Solution:Bathamcherla, located in Andhra Pradesh, is one of the important Upper Paleolithic sites in India. Excavations at Bathamcherla revealed bone tools such as points, harpoons, and awls, which are characteristic of the Upper Paleolithic period (roughly 40,000–10,000 years ago).

These tools suggest advanced craftsmanship, symbolic behavior, and possibly even early ornamentation or artistic expression. Other sites like Patne also belong to this period but are better known for microlithic tools, whereas Adichanallur is a Megalithic burial site, and Gudium is linked to earlier prehistoric culture.

27. Which of the following anthropologists first explained the origin of the Ghotul system, a youth dormitory practice?

1. Tarak Chandra Das
2. Sarat Chandra Das
3. Verrier Elwin
4. Dhirendra Nath Majumdar

Correct Answer: 3. Verrier Elwin

Solution:Verrier Elwin, a British-born Indian anthropologist, was the first to provide an ethnographic and cultural explanation of the Ghotul system, especially among the Murias of Bastar in Central India. He described the Ghotul as a youth dormitory institution that played a crucial role in education, socialization, and sexual regulation in tribal society. In his book The Muria and Their Ghotul, he detailed its ritual, moral, and cultural functions, viewing it not just as a dormitory, but as a symbol of tribal cohesion and tradition.

28. Which of the following statements are correct for genetic linkage?

A. High probability of recombination between linked loci
B. Linked loci are always present on the same chromosomes
C. Logarithm of difference scores are used for the assessment of linkage
D. Linked loci can be present on the different chromosomes
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. C and D only
2. A and C only
3. B and C only
4. A and D only

Correct Answer: 3. B and C only

Solution:B. Linked loci are always present on the same chromosomes: This is correct because genetic linkage occurs when genes are located close together on the same chromosome, so they tend to be inherited together.
C. Logarithm of difference scores are used for the assessment of linkage: This refers to LOD (logarithm of odds) scores, which measure the likelihood of genetic linkage between loci. A LOD score≥ 3.0 is considered evidence of linkage.
A is incorrect because linked loci have a low probability of recombination. D is incorrect because linked loci cannot be on different chromosomes; that would make them unlinked.

29. Arrange the development of theoretical approach to interprete culture and society from earlier to later.

A. evolutionism
B. structural-functionalism
C. historical particularism
D. structuralism
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A, C, D, B
2. C, A, D, B
3. C, А, B, D
4. A, C, B, D

Correct Answer: 4. A, C, B, D

Solution:To arrange the theoretical approaches to interpreting culture and society from earliest to latest, we need to consider their historical development:
A. Evolutionism: Emerged in the 19th century (e.g., Tylor, Morgan) with the idea that societies progress through stages of development.
C. Historical Particularism: Developed in the early 20th century (e.g., Boas) as a reaction to evolutionism, emphasizing the unique historical contexts of cultures.
B. Structural-Functionalism: Gained prominence in the mid-20th century (e.g., RadcliffeBrown, Malinowski), focusing on how social structures maintain societal stability.
D. Structuralism: Became influential in the mid-to-late 20th century (e.g., Lévi-Strauss), analyzing underlying structures in culture, often through binary oppositions. Based on this timeline, the correct order is A, C, B, D.

30. The Neanderthal burials are associated with:

A. Stone Coffins
B. Red Ochre Powder
C. Fellow Companions
D. Earthen Pots
E. Wreath of Flowers
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A and B only
2. B, C and E only
3. C, D and E only
4. В. C and D only

Correct Answer: 2. B, C and E only

Solution:B. Red Ochre Powder: Neanderthal burials have shown use of red ochre, possibly symbolizing ritual or symbolic practices such as purification or resurrection.
C. Fellow Companions: There is evidence of burials with multiple individuals, indicating possible companionship or family group burial practices.
E. Wreath of Flowers: At the Shanidar site in Iraq, pollen analysis suggested the use of flowers in burial, interpreted as ritual or mourning behavior.
A (Stone Coffins) and D (Earthen Pots) are not associated with Neanderthal burials but are more common in later prehistoric or protohistoric burials.