NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, January 2024 (Anthropology)

Total Questions: 100

41. The correct sequence of Harold Laswell's model of communication:

A. what effect
B. what
C. what channel
D. who
E. whom
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: 2. D, B, E, C, A
Solution:Harold Lasswell's model of communication is a linear model proposed in 1948, often summarized by the phrase: "Who says what to whom through which channel with what effect?" Thus, the correct sequence is:

D. Who - the communicator or sender

B. What the message or content being communicated

E. Whom - the receiver or audience

C. What channel - the medium used for communication (e.g., speech, writing, radio)

A. What effect - the outcome or impact of the communication (e.g., persuasion, behavior change)

This model is still foundational in media studies and communication theory.

42. Lithic is the technique name for:

Correct Answer: 1. tools made from stone
Solution:The term "lithic" comes from the Greek word "lithos," meaning "stone". Lithic technologies refer specifically to stone tool production, commonly studied in prehistoric archaeology.

These tools were made by flaking, chipping, or grinding stone, and include hand axes, scrapers, blades, and microliths. Lithic industries such as Acheulean, Mousterian, and Microlithic represent technological stages in human evolution. Lithic analysis helps archaeologists reconstruct early human behavior and cultural development.

43. The painted pebbles are known from the archeological traditions of:

Correct Answer: 1. Azilian
Solution:The Azilian culture (c. 12,000–9,500 ВСE) succeeded the Magdalenian and is a Mesolithic archaeological culture of Western Europe.

One of the hallmarks of this culture is the discovery of "painted pebbles"-small, flat river stones painted with red, black, or brown dots, lines, and abstract designs. These pebbles are found in cave sites and may have had symbolic or ritual significance. This artistic tradition reflects transitional behavior between Upper Paleolithic hunters and early Mesolithic societies.

44. Who discovered Paranthropus robustus at Swartkran cave in 1948?

Correct Answer: 1. Robert Broom
Solution:In 1948, Robert Broom, a South African paleontologist, discovered Paranthropus robustus at the Swartkrans cave site in South Africa. Paranthropus robustus is a species of robust australopithecine, dated to about 2 to 1.2 million years ago, with distinct features such as:
• A robust cranial structure,
• Large cheek teeth for heavy chewing,
• Sagittal crest indicating strong jaw muscles.
This discovery was significant in understanding early hominin diversity in southern Africa.

45. According to twentieth century philosopher Karl Popper, hypothesis means:

Correct Answer: 3. Falsifiable
Solution:According to Karl Popper, a key principle of scientific inquiry is that a hypothesis must be falsifiable. This means the hypothesis should be framed in a way that it can be tested and potentially disproven through observation or experiment. Falsifiability distinguishes scientific statements from non-scientific ones. For example: "All swans are white" is falsifiable because observing a single black swan disproves it.

Popper's emphasis on falsifiability shifted the focus from verification to critical testing in scientific philosophy.

46. The variability in the phenotypic value when the genotypic and environmental values are not independent of each other can be estimated by:

Correct Answer: 2.
Solution:

47. Identify the correct sequence of Constitutional Order from earlier to later.

A. The Constitution (Nagaland) Scheduled Tribe Order
B. The Constitution (Andaman and Nicobar Island) Scheduled Tribe Order
C. The Constitution (Goa, Daman and Diu) Scheduled Tribe Order
D. The Constitution (Dadra and Nagar Haveli) Scheduled Tribe Order
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: 4. B, D, C, A
Solution:The correct chronological sequence of the Constitutional Orders related to Scheduled Tribes is:
B. The Constitution (Andaman and Nicobar Islands) Scheduled Tribe Order - 1959
D. The Constitution (Dadra and Nagar Haveli) Scheduled Tribe Order - 1962 A-44 49. (1):
C. The Constitution (Goa, Daman and Diu) Scheduled Tribe Order - 1968
A. The Constitution (Nagaland) Scheduled Tribe Order - 1970
These orders were issued under Article 342 of the Indian Constitution to notify Scheduled Tribes in specific regions.
Hence, the correct historical order is: B → D → С→A, matching Option 4.

48. Choose the correct statements in association with Epigenetics:

A. Epigenetics modification does not change gene codes
B. DNA methylation is a type of epigenetic mechanism
C. Epigenetics modification change the gene expression
D. Genetic mutation is a process of epigenetic mechanism
E. Histone modification is a type of epigenetic mechanism
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: 2. A, B, C, E only
Solution:A. Epigenetic modification does not change gene codes: True. Epigenetic changes do not alter the DNA sequence; they affect how genes are expressed.
B. DNA methylation is a type of epigenetic mechanism: True. It involves adding methyl groups to DNA, often silencing gene expression.
C. Epigenetic modification changes the gene expression: True. It regulates when and how much a gene is expressed, affecting phenotype without changing genotype.
E. Histone modification is a type of epigenetic mechanism: True. Modifying histone proteins changes the accessibility of DNA, thereby influencing gene expression.
D. Genetic mutation is NOT an epigenetic mechanism, because mutation involves a change in the DNA sequence, unlike epigenetic changes.
Therefore, the correct set is: A, B, C, E only.

49. Match the LIST-I with LIST-II.

LIST-I (Tribe)LIST-II (Economy)
A. RiangI. Plain agriculture
B. ChenchuII. Jhum cultivation
C. GujjarIII. Pastoral
D. HoIV. Hunter Gatherer

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: 1. A-II, B-IV, C-III, D-I
Solution:A. Riang - II. Jhum cultivation: The Riang tribe of Tripura and nearby regions are traditionally engaged in shifting cultivation (jhum), a common subsistence pattern in hilly areas.
B. Chenchu - IV. Hunter Gatherer: The Chenchus of Andhra Pradesh are a huntergatherer tribe, known for their deep connection to forests and reliance on wild produce and hunting.
C. Gujjar - III. Pastoral: The Gujjars are traditionally a pastoral community, especially in Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand, known for cattle and buffalo herding.
D. Ho - I. Plain agriculture: The Ho tribe of Jharkhand and Odisha are known for their settled agriculture on plains.
Thus, correct matches: A-II, B-IV, C-III, D-I.

50. In analyzing phenomena, A.L. Kroeber adopted two methods:

A. scientific approach that destroys the phenomena as phenomena by transmuting into abstract concepts.
B. statistical approach that entails statistical inference based on association.
C. historical approach that attempts to achieve descriptive integration.
D. comparative approach that attempts to compare worldwide phenomena. Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct Answer: 2. A and C only
Solution:A. Scientific approach that destroys the phenomena as phenomena by transmuting into abstract concepts: Kroeber criticized the overuse of abstract theorizing in anthropology which he believed distorted lived realities by stripping them of cultural context.
C. Historical approach that attempts to achieve descriptive integration: Kroeber strongly advocated for a historical method in anthropology that would integrate culture and history descriptively, respecting the  uniqueness of each cultural development.
B and D reflect general anthropological methods but are not specifically associated with Kroeber's dual-method approach. Hence, the correct pair is: A and C only.