NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, January 2024 (Anthropology)

Total Questions: 100

71. According to Robin Fox, the basic principles relevant to the 'study' of kinship and marriage are:

A. The women have the children
B. The men impregnate the women
C. The women usually exercise control
D. The men usually exercise control
E. Primary kins do not mate with their women
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A, B and C only
2. A, B and D only
3. B and D only
4. C and D only

Correct Answer: 2. A, B and D only

Solution:Robin Fox, a prominent kinship theorist, in his book Kinship and Marriage: An Anthropological Perspective (1967), outlined basic biological and social principles underlying kinship systems across human societies.
The principles relevant to the study of kinship and marriage are:
A. The women have the children: This is a biological constant-reproduction is initiated and completed within the female body.
B. The men impregnate the women: Another biological constant-males contribute to reproduction through fertilization.
D. The men usually exercise control: In most societies studied, patrilineal and patriarchal systems dominate, where men control marriage alliances, descent, and residence.
C is incorrect as it is not a general rule, though it may apply in matriarchal societies.
E. Primary kins do not mate with their women refers to incest taboos, which is a social rule, not a biological principle.

72. The NGOs involved in tribal welfare after India's Independence:

A. Santhal Paharia Seva Mandal
B. Bhartia Adimjati Sewak Sangh
C. Rajasthan Seva Mandal
D. Orissa Adivasi Congress
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A, B and D only
2. A and B only
3. А, C and D only
4. C and D only

Correct Answer: 1. A, B and D only

Solution:Several NGOs and voluntary organizations played a crucial role in tribal welfare after India's independence, particularly in education, health, and economic empowerment:
A. Santhal Paharia Seva Mandal: Worked among Santhal and Paharia tribes in Eastern India, promoting education and healthcare.
B. Bharatiya Adimjati Sevak Sangh: Founded by Thakkar Bapa in 1948, it is one of the most significant organizations dedicated to tribal upliftment and cultural preservation.
D. Orissa Adivasi Congress: Actively worked for tribal rights, land issues, and political participation in Odisha's tribal regions.
C. Rajasthan Seva Mandal was not a recognized major NGO post-independence in the specific context of tribal welfare.

73. The study of site formation processes include:

A. Study of Sediments
B. Taphonomy
C. Landscaping
D. Archaeometry
E. Geometry
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A, B and C only
2. B, C and D only
3. C, D and E only
4. D and E only

Correct Answer: 1. A, B and C only

Solution:Site formation processes refer to the natural and cultural events that affect how archaeological sites are created and preserved over time. This includes:
A. Study of Sediments: Understanding soil layers, deposition, and erosion helps reconstruct environmental and cultural history.
B. Taphonomy: Focuses on what happens to organic remains (especially bones) after death and deposition, including decay, scavenging, and fossilization.
C. Landscaping: In archaeology, this refers to how ancient people modified the land, which is essential in interpreting site structure.
D. Archaeometry is a set of scientific techniques used for dating and material analysis but is not directly a site formation process.
E. Geometry is unrelated.

74. The earliest stone tool-making tradition, named after the tools found in Bed I at Olduvai Gorge. Where is Olduvai Gorge located?

1. Kenya
2. Tanzania
3. Ethiopia
4. Cape Town

Correct Answer: 2. Tanzania

Solution:Olduvai Gorge is a famous paleoanthropological site located in northern Tanzania, East Africa.
• It was excavated by Louis and Mary Leakey, who discovered early hominin fossils and stone tools there.
• The earliest stone tool tradition, the Oldowan, was named after tools found in Bed I of this site.
• These tools date back to about 2.6 million years ago and are associated with Homo habilis, one of the earliest toolmakers.

75. Which of the following books was written by L.K. Ananthakrishna Iyer?

1. The Cochin Tribes and Castes
2. Castes and Tribes of Southern India
3. Tribes and Castes of Madras Presidency
4. Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India

Correct Answer: 1. The Cochin Tribes and Castes

Solution:L.K. Ananthakrishna Iyer was a pioneering Indian anthropologist and ethnographer. He is best known for his two-volume work "The Cochin Tribes and Castes" (1909–1912), which is a comprehensive ethnographic study of tribal and caste communities in the Cochin State (presentday Kerala). He documented customs, rituals, economic activities, and social organization of these groups in detail.
The other books were written by different scholars:
• Castes and Tribes of Southern India - Edgar Thurston
• Tribes and Castes of Madras Presidency - Edgar Thurston
• Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India - R.V. Russell

76. An Indian Geo-environmental Archaeologist:

1. H.D. Sankalia
2. В.В. Lal
3. S.R. Rao
4. S.N. Rajguru

Correct Answer: 1. H.D. Sankalia

Solution:H.D. Sankalia is regarded as the father of Indian archaeology and one of the pioneers in geo-environmental archaeology in India.
• His approach to archaeology was deeply influenced by geology, geography, and ecology, making him a key figure in the interdisciplinary study of landscapes, sediments, and prehistoric sites.
• He emphasized the importance of contextualizing cultural remains within their environmental settings, such as in the Godavari Valley and Narmada Basin studies.
• Although S.N. Rajguru also contributed to geoarchaeology, Sankalia laid the foundation for this field in India.

77. Match the LIST-I with LIST-II.

LIST-I (Characteristic)	LIST-II (Site)
A. Fire Altars	I. Harappa
B. Great Bath	II. Kalibangan
C. Granaries	III. Lothal
D. Dockyard	IV. Mohenjodaro

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A-II, B-IV, C-I D-III
2. A-I, B-III, C-II, D-IV
3. A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I
4. A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II

Correct Answer: 1. A-II, B-IV, C-I D-III

Solution:A. Fire Altars - II. Kalibangan: Excavations at Kalibangan (Rajasthan) revealed fire altars arranged in a grid, possibly used for ritualistic or Vedic purposes-a unique feature among Indus sites.
B. Great Bath - IV. Mohenjodaro: The Great Bath is the most iconic structure of Mohenjodaro, considered an early example of public water architecture, likely used for ritual purification.
C. Granaries -I. Harappa: At Harappa, archaeologists identified massive brick platforms interpreted as granaries, used for storing surplus grain, indicating planned economic management.
D. Dockyard – III. Lothal: Lothal, a Harappan site in Gujarat, is known for its brick-lined dockyard, suggesting maritime trade and advanced engineering.

78. Match the LIST-I with LIST-II.

LIST-I (Culture-bound Syndrome)	LIST-II (Community)
A. Pibloktoq	I. Mestizo
B. Amok	II. Gurage
C. Susto	III. Malaya
D. Machismo	IV. Eskimo

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
2. A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
3. A-II, B-IV, C-III, D-I
4. A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III

Correct Answer: 2. A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II

Solution:A. Piblokto - IV. Eskimo: Also called Arctic Hysteria, Piblokto is a culturebound syndrome observed among the Inuit (Eskimo), characterized by dissociative episodes during long polar nights.
B. Amok - III. Malaya: Found in Malaysia and Indonesia, Amok is a sudden outburst of violent behavior, followed by amnesia, traditionally associated with cultural stress.
C. Susto - I. Mestizo: Among Mestizo populations in Latin America, Susto (meaning "fright") is believed to result from soul loss following trauma or shock, causing depression and lethargy.
D. Machismo - II. Gurage: The concept of machismo, emphasizing hyper-masculine behavior, is a recognized cultural syndrome, but its correct association is with Latin American cultures, not Gurage.
However, based on the matching given in standard culture-bound syndrome literature, Option 2 is the closest correct arrangement among the choices.

79. Match the LIST-I with LIST-II.

LIST-I (Anthropologist)	LIST-II (Area of Specialization)
A. B.K. Roy Burman	I. Social Movement
B. S.C. Dube	II. Public Policy
C. K. Suresh Singh	III. Tribal Development
D. H.M. Mathur	IV. Rural Development

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
2. A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
3. A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
4. A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II

Correct Answer: 4. A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II

Solution:A. B.K. Roy Burman - III. Tribal Development: A leading Indian anthropologist, Roy Burman contributed immensely to policy formulation and field studies on tribes in Northeast India.
B. S.C. Dube - IV. Rural Development: Known for his study Indian Village, Dube focused on rural social structure, change, and development administration.
C. K. Suresh Singh - I. Social Movement: He worked on tribal histories and identity movements, including the Jharkhand movement, and edited the People of India project.
D. H.M. Mathur - II. Public Policy: Specializing in displacement and rehabilitation, Mathur worked at the intersection of anthropology and public policy. particularly in dam and mining projects.

80. Who was the first person to suggest about an autochthones Negrito element in India?

1. De Quaterfages
2. Eickstedt
3. B.S. Guha
4. J.H. Hutton

Correct Answer: 1. De Quaterfages

Solution:A. de Quatrefages, a 19th-century French anthropologist, was the first to propose the theory of an autochthonous Negrito ęlement in India. He believed that Negrito populations were among the earliest inhabitants of the Indian subcontinent, particularly in the Andaman Islands and other isolated pockets.

His views were based on physical anthropological traits like short stature, curly hair, and dark skin, observed among Andamanese tribes. Later anthropologists like Eickstedt and B.S. Guha elaborated on this theory using racial classification systems.