NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, June, 2020 Geography

The globalization of production is concomitant to the globalization of trade as one cannot function without the other. It is worth to mention here that this process has been facilitated by significant technical changes in the transport sector. The scale, volume, and efficiency of international trade have all continued to increase since the 1970s.
It is important to mention here that as such, global space/time convergence was an ongoing process that implied a more extensive market coverage that could be accessed with a lower amount of time. Significantly, it has become increasingly possible to trade between parts of the world that previously had limited access to international transportation systems. Further, the division and the fragmentation of production that went along with these processes also expanded trade. Trade thus contributes to lower manufacturing costs.

This theory was developed by Mark Jefferson in 1939. He was a cartographer. He was the head of the geography department at Michigan State Normal College (MSNC).
A primate city is the dominant city among a country's urban areas.
Countries have urban hierarchies comprising large and small cities in terms of their population sizes, spatial extent, or territorial size and the importance of their economies.
Jefferson determined the degree of a city's primacy by calculating and comparing the ratio of the size of second and third cities to the largest city. His finding was that in several countries the largest city was twice or thrice as large as the next city and the population ratio was approximately.
He further stated that there are various reasons a city would outgrow its neighbors and once it does so it attracts investments and draws resources that would otherwise have been directed to the other cities. Examnples of primate cities at international level-: France-: Paris (9.7 million pop.) as compared to next big city Marseilles (1.3 million Pop.) U.K.-: London (7 million Pop.) is seven times larger in population as compared to Liverpool (1 million)

In given figure option 1 is correct.

The normal distribution is a continuous probability distribution that is symmetrical on both sides of the mean, so the right side of the center is a mirror image of the left side. The area under the normal distribution curve represents probability and the total area under the curve sums to one. Most of the continuous data values in a normal distribution tend to cluster around the mean, and the further a value is from the mean, the less likely it is to occur. The tails are asymptotic, which means that they approach but never quite meet the horizon (i.e. x-axis). For a perfectly normal distribution the mean, median and mode will be the same value, visually represented by the peak of the curve.
34.13% of frequencies lie between the range of 0 to + 1.00 (σ) standard deviation.

Regional comparative advantage is on decline is not true about International trade in post – globalization phase due to globalization the space-time convergence takes place between the countries due to which the trade between countries takes place at fast pace and regional comparative advantage i.e. the ability of a country to produce cheep product in compared to other country is also rising.
Globalization is the word used to describe the growing interdependence of the world's economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information. Countries have built economic partnerships to facilitate these movements over many centuries. But the term gained popularity after the Cold War in the early 1990s, as these cooperative arrangements shaped modern everyday life.

Whole world has been changing after 1980. While discussing about farming, it was very obvious to get affected by these policies. The policies after 1990, unevenly withdraw this support to the farming community. It is important to mention here that the reduction of domestic support in terms of subsidy and credit on the one hand and drastic price fall of agricultural commodities in the international market, on the other hand, led to distress in the farming class.
The main reasons that led to a slowdown in agriculture at the national level after 1996-97 are:
The decline in the area under cultivation
Deterioration in the terms of trade for agriculture,
Poor progress of irrigation and fertilizer,
The decline in the supply of electricity to agriculture Slowdown in diversification Technological factor Stagnant crop intensity, So we can say that option 4 is correct.

Lord Kenett defined pollution as, "the presence of large substances, or energy patterns which have been involuntarily produced, have outlived their purpose, have escaped by accident, or have unforeseen effects, in quantities which harm his (man's) health or so offended him”. Pollution is the process of making land, water, air or other parts of the environment dirty and not safe or suitable to use. This can be done through the introduction of a contaminant into a natural environment, but the contaminant doesn't need to be tangible. Things as simple as light, sound and temperature can be considered pollutants when introduced artificially into an environment.
These capabilities are:-
• Social of health issues
• Domestic politics
• Economics Environment
• Science and human potential
• Military and security issues
• International diplomacy.

Geopolitics is an analysis of the geographic influences on power relationships in international relations. The word geopolitics was originally coined by the Swedish political scientist Rudolf Kjellén about the turn of the 20th century, and its use spread throughout Europe in the period between World Wars I and II (1918-39) and came into worldwide use during the latter.
In contemporary discourse, geopolitics has been widely employed as a loose synonym for international politics. It is important to mention here that distinct from traditional geopolitical analysis, Meta-geopolitics provides a more nuanced treatment of the determinants of state power in terms of seven crucial capacities that make up national power.