NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, June, 2020 Geography

Rimland theory was presented by M.J. Spykman in 1942.
But it was published in 1944 in his book 'The Geography of Peace'.
According to Rimland theory, "Who controls the Rimland rules Eurasia
Who rules Eurasia control the destinies of the world " The Rimland area is similar to the inner crescent of the Mackinder Heartland theory which constitutes coastal land around Eurasia including UK, Western Europe, West Asia Indian subcontinents, south east Asia, Japan & Eastern China.

Globalization is a term used to describe how trade and technology have made the world into a more connected and interdependent place. Globalization also captures in its scope the economic and social changes that have come about as a result.
It is important to mention here that Globalization raises the degree of independence resulting in lesser control over the domestic economy and loss of economic sovereignty. Countries have built economic partnerships to facilitate these movements over many centuries.
The term 'Globalization' gained popularity after the Cold War in the early 1990s. It is an astonishing situation that the Economic Survey of 2018-19, released on July 4, 2019, says "almost 93%" ofthe total workforce is 'informal'. Although the Niti Aayog's Strategy for New India at 75, released in the month of November 2018, quoted that "by some estimates, India's informal sector employs approximately 85% of all workers".

John Friedman enunciated the four stages in the evolution of space economy. J. Friedman outlined the following four stages of the development in 1966: A pre-industrial:- society with localized economics, Economy of region have rural characteristic dominated by primary activities.
Transitional development:- Resource frontier region develops economically into upward develops economically into upward Transition region & are growing fast by using its current stock of natural resources. Industrial Stage :- Dispersion of economic activity and, to a lesser extent, control into certain parts of the periphery.
Now, upward transition region turns into downward transition region. A downward transition region has many problems such as - low productivity & outdated industry. So, the economy moves either towards colonization of new resources frontier regions or towards service industry.
Post-industrial development: The emergence of spatial integration in which the various parts of the economy relate in a more truly interdependent manner. The economic growth in periphery leads to considerable decline in intra-regional inequality. i.e, b/w different cities within region.

Volcanic eruption and Combustion of fossil fuels are two sources by which carbon is released. Every volcanic eruption that occurs on planet Earth is full of pollutants. Not just ash and dust, mind you, but also carbon dioxide: one of the strongest greenhouse gases on our planet. In the largest cases, a single volcanic plume, lasting only hours, might add many millions of tons of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Fossil fuels produce large quantities of carbon dioxide when burned. Carbon emissions trap heat in the atmosphere and lead to climate change. Significantly, in the United States, the burning of fossil fuels, particularly for the power and transportation sectors, accounts for about three-quarters of the carbon emissions.

Input-Output analysis:
Input-output analysis (I-O) is a form of macroeconomic analysis based on the interdependencies between different economic sectors in any region. This kind of method is commonly used for estimating the impacts of positive or negative economic shocks and analyzing the ripple effects throughout an economy. In economics, an input-output model is a quantitative economic model that represents the interdependencies between different sectors of a national economy or different regional economies.
Geographer Wassily Leontief (1906-1999) is credited with developing this type of analysis and earned the Nobel Prize in Economics for his development of this model.

Infrared remote sensing makes use of infrared sensors to detect infrared radiation emitted from the Earth's surface.
Infrared remote sensing makes use of infrared sensors to detect infrared radiation emitted from the Earth's surface. The middle-wave infrared (MWIR) and longwave infrared (LWIR) are within the thermal infrared region. These radiations are emitted from warm objects. Significantly, in terrestrial remote sensing, the region of 3 to 35 µm is popularly called thermal-infrared
The excellent atmospheric window lies between 8-14 um wavelength. These radiations are emitted from warm objects such as the Earth's surface. They are used in satellite remote sensing for measurements of the earth's land and sea surface temperature. So we can say that Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Mackinder's Heartland Theory:
Mackinder gave this theory in 1904 in his article "The Geographical Pivot of history" This theory regards political history as a continuous struggle between land and sea powers with the ultimate victory going to the continental power.
This assertion was also supported by Kjellen. According to this theory, the continental power was represented by the world island which consisted of Eurasia and Africa (comprising seven- eighth of total world population and two-third of the total land area of the world). Mackinder called it the Heartland (total area being 11 million square kilometres). This Heartland was perceived as the greatest natural fortress on earth surrounded on all sides by geographical barriers.
The concept of heartland
• The Heartland as proposed by Mackinder is the land of permanent difficulties because of its location in high latitude causes it most of time remains in frozen condition which leads to less cropping season.
• Low fertility of soil of heartland area is also an major cause for decline of Heartland. So we can illustrate that Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Option 2 ((C), (B), (A), (D)) is the correct answer.
Clouds: Cloud is a mass of minute water droplets or tiny crystals of ice formed by the condensation of the water vapour in free air at considerable elevations. As the clouds are formed at some height over the surface of the earth, they take various shapes. According to their height, expanse, density and transparency or opaqueness clouds are grouped under four types: (i) cirrus; (ii) cumulus; (iii) stratus; (iv) nimbus.
Cirrus- Cirrus clouds are formed at high altitudes (8,000 - 12,000m). They are thin and dethatched clouds having a feathery appearance. They are always white in colour.
Cumulus- Cumulus clouds look like cotton wool. They are generally formed at a height of 4,000 - 7,000 m. They exist in patches and can be seen scattered here and there. They have a flat base.
Stratus- As their name implies, these are layered clouds covering large portions of the sky. These clouds are generally formed either due to loss of heat or the mixing of air masses with different temperatures.
Nimbus- Nimbus clouds are black or dark grey. They form at middle levels or very near to the surface of the earth. These are extremely dense and opaque to the rays of the sun. Sometimes, the clouds are so low that they seem to touch the ground. Nimbus clouds are shapeless masses of thick water vapour.

Code 'B' is correctly showing the optinmal location of profitability in different spatial cost/revenue situations in the diagram. D. M. Smith in his theory of industrial location in his book "Industrial location published in '1971' has provided a 'Spatial margin theory' for industrial location. His theory is also known as 'Area-Cost Curve Theory'. Smith has attempted to utilize the perfect competition-least cost approach of Weber with some reference to the monopolistic competition-market area approach of Losch.

The earth as a whole does not accumulate or loose heat. It maintains its temperature. This can happen only if the amount of heat received in the form of insulation equals the amount lost by the earth through terrestrial radiation. Consider that the insolation received at the top of the atmosphere is 100 percent While passing through the atmosphere some amount of energy is reflected, scattered and absorbed.
Only the remaining part reaches the earth surface. Roughly 35 units are reflected back to space even before reaching the earth's surface. Of these, 27 units are reflected back from the top of the clouds and 2 units from the snow and ice-covered areas of the earth. The reflected amount of radiation is called the albedo of the earth. The remaining 65 units are absorbed, 14 units within the atmosphere and 51 units by the earth's surface.
The earth radiates back 51 units in the form of terrestrial radiation. Of these, 17 units are radiated to space directly and the remaining 34 units are absorbed by the atmosphere (6 units absorbed directly by the atmosphere, 9 units through convection and turbulence and 19 units through latent heat of condensation). 48 units absorbed by the atmosphere (14 units from insolation +34 units from terrestrial radiation) are also radiated back into space.
Thus, the total radiation returning from the earth and the atmosphere respectively is 17+48=65 units which balance the total of 65 units received from the sun. This is termed the heat budget or heat balance of the earth. This explains, why the earth neither warms up nor cools down despite the huge transfer of heat that takes place.