NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam., June 2021 Sociology (Paper-II)

(B) Spirit of Capitalism:- Max Weber's the Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism is a study of the relationship between the ethics of ascetic Protestantism and the emergence of the spirit of modern capitalism. He argues that the modern spirit of capitalism sees profit as an end in itself, and pursuing profit as virtuous.
(C) Division of Labour- According to Emile Durkheim, Division of Labour is seen as the separation and specialization of work among people. By separation it is meant that various components of the work process are separated.
(D) Exchange (Jajmani system)- Wiser (1967) said, "Jajmani system serves to maintain the Indian village as a self-sufficient community."

(i) Liberal Feminism movement - Liberal feminism is one of the earliest forms of feminism, stating that women's secondary status in society is based on unequal opportunities and segregation from men. Emerging out of the obolitionist and women's movement in Us, this body of feminism focuses on eliminating gender in equality.
(ii) Marxist Feminism movement - Marxist feminism is a species of feminist theory and politics that takes its theoretical bearings from Marxism, notably the criticism of capitalism as a set of structures, practices, institutions, incentives and sensibilities that promote the exploitation of labor, the alienation of human beings, and the debasement of freedom.
(iii) Radical Feminism movement - Approach taken by liberal feminism, radical feminism aimed to reshape society and restructure its institutions, which they saw as inherently patriarchal. Providing the core theory for modern feminism, radicals argued that women's subservient role in society was too closely woven into social fabric to be unraveled without a revolutionary.
(iv) Black Feminism Movement - Black feminism is a philosophy that centers on the idea that "Black women are inherently valuable, that liberation is a necessity not as an adjunct to somebody else's but because our need as human persons for autonomy.
(v) Post-Modern feminist Movement - The goal of postmodern feminism is to destabilize the patriarchal norms entrenched in society that have led to gender in equality.

For one, the way khaldun uses "civilization" is broad and could apply to virtually any large collection of human beings. His theory also implies that the progression from nomadic to sedentary is inevitable.

According to Foucault, Biopolitics refers to the processes by which human life, at the level of the population emerged as a distinct political problem in western societies.

Sovereignty and Discipline –
The classical privilege of sovereign power is the "right to take life or let live", sovereignty manifests itself as a right to kill when the sovereign's existence is in danger. In Discipline and Punish, Foucault argues that modern society is a "disciplinary society", meaning that power in our time is largely exercised through disciplinary means in a variety of institutions (prisons, schools, hospitals, militaries etc.)