NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, June, 2023 Geography

The concept of space is very old in geographic discipline i.e, since the Plato's idea of 'chora' which means space but it gain permanence since the 18th century when 'Kant' described it as not an object or event an intangible thing further later in 1939 Richard Hart shorme of America with his publishment of 'The Nature of Geography' introduced it as functional organisation approach.

Producers or Autotrophs are those organism who produces their own food through photo synthesis (producing food with the help of sunlight CO2, H2O) or chemosynthesis (process of deriving food from conversion of one or more carbon - containing molecules and nutrients into organic matter using oxidation of inorganic compounds)
• They are the organisms of 1t trophic level.

Non-probability Sampling- It is sampling techniques which uses non-random technique like the availability, geographical proximity or expert knowledge of the individuals on which you want to research in order to answer a research problem.
Techniques are -
Snowball Sampling- Participants provider location for another participant for your test. Convenient sampling- In this research take the sample according to his convenience like nearness to participant, ease in data collection etc. other Nonprobability sampling
Others -Quota sampling, purposive sampling/judgemental sampling etc.

Various Principles of Regional planning principle of vertical unity of phenomenon- All phenomenon of a region are related to each other to planning for all phenomenon independently is not viable.
Principle of Horizontal spatial unity
• Each region forms a subset or sub-system of whole regional system. So regional planning should also include the planning of its sub-set regions
Principle of space-time continuity- A region is an organic entity which keep changes in all 3 dimensions of space along with time so planner must have to be dynamic while planning Principle of comprehensive development
Planning for development in all sectors & for all segment of society.

Rural-Urban continuum- The transition zone between rural & urban areas having features of both rural & urban areas. This transition zone has the complex cultural, geographical, economic, feature which losses its urbanity while moving towards rural areas & vice-versed. Robert Redfield gave the concept of Rural-Urban continuum
L. Wirth in his essay 'Urbanism as a way of life' thought cities are distinctive because they are large, dense and heterogeneous.

Ice age- is a period during which the earth's overall temperature is significantly low resulting much of the earth surface covered by thick ice sheets. There are evidences of five ice ages in geological history.
(1) Huronian (2.4–2.1 billion year ago)
(2) Cryogenian (850–635 million year ago)
(3) Andean-Saharan (460-430 million year)
(4) Karoo (360-260 million year ago)
(5) Quaternary (mainly up to Pleistocene epoch,2-6 million year ago)