NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, June 2024 (Anthropology)

Total Questions: 100

91. Read the paragraph carefully and answer these questions.

The discovery of the ABO blood group system in 1900 and the proof that these blood types are inherited was an outstanding example of Mendelian inheritance applied to a human character. In 1908, a mathematician and physician, set out the fundamental theorem of population genetics, which explains why a dominant gene does not increase in frequency from generation to generation.

Scientists demonstrated that A, В, and O blood group characters are due to multiple alleles at one locus. Years later, the combined efforts of researchers led to discovery of the Rh factor and established that hemolytic disease of the newborn owes its origin to immunological maternal-fetal incompatibility. A recent reprint of Davenport's 1911 book. Heredity in Relation to Eugenics, is accompanied by thoughtful reflections from contemporary geneticists on Davenport's eugenic concepts and recommendations almost one hundred years later. The stage was set for the demonstration in the 1960s that Rh hemolytic disease of the newborn can be prevented by administration of anti-Rh antibodies to mothers at risk.

Who were the discoverers of the fundamental theorem of population genetics?

Correct Answer: 1. Hardy and Weinberg
Solution:The fundamental theorem of population genetics, explaining why dominant alleles do not necessarily increase in frequency, was independently formulated by G.H. Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg in 1908.

Their Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model became foundational in population genetics.

92. Blood groups were discovered by:

Correct Answer: 4. Landsteiner
Solution:Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1900.

His work earned him the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930, and it laid the groundwork for safe blood transfusion practices.

93. The proof that blood types are inherited was discovered by:

Correct Answer: 2. von Dungern and Hirschfeld
Solution:Ludwik Hirszfeld and Emil von Dungern proved that blood types are inherited and showed their Mendelian inheritance pattern around 1910. They also helped distinguish multiple alleles (А, B, O) in the ABO system.

94. The combined efforts of which of the following researchers led to the discovery of Rh factor:

Correct Answer: 3. Wiener, Levine, and Landsteiner
Solution:The Rh factor was discovered in the 1940s by Karl Landsteiner and Alexander S. Wiener. Philip Levine also contributed to understanding Rh incompatibility and hemolytic disease of the newborn.

Their combined efforts clarified the immunological basis of the disease.

95. Blood group characters are due to multiple alleles at one locus:

Correct Answer: 1. Bernstein in 1924
Solution:Felix Bernstein proposed in 1924 that the A, B, and O blood groups result from three alleles (IA, IB, and i) at a single genetic locus. This multiple-allele model is still used to explain ABO inheritance patterns today.

96. Read the paragraph carefully and answer these questions.

Nomothetic research aims to identify laws about human behaviour-the Greek word 'nomos' means 'law'. It assumes that it is possible to discover regularities of influence or behaviour, allowing experts to predict the likely outcomes of possible actions or innovations. So it looks for general principles, not specific cases. Idiographic research, by contrast, is all about exploring individuality or uniqueness. Idiographic research tends to focus on a single example, which might be a person, an event, a phenomenon, or an organization, and to analyse that example in depth.

As a result, idiographic methods are often used in case studies, and are characteristic of ethnographic research. Idiographic studies are likely to adopt an inductive rather than deductive approach, working on the idea that we may discover general principles through a deeper understanding of one or two instances, rather than by looking for common factors. Each type of research has its strengths: identifying common laws or principles has proved valuable in many areas of the social sciences, while studying uniqueness has brought useful insights and has often been the key to opening up new research areas.

Inductive approach implies moving from:

Correct Answer: 2. Particular to General
Solution:An inductive approach begins with specific observations or individual cases and moves toward general principles or theories.
It is commonly used in idiographic research, such as case studies and ethnography. The goal is to build theories based on in-depth understanding of a few instances.

97. Hypothesis testing would most likely be a feature of:

Correct Answer: 2. Nomothetic Research
Solution:Nomothetic research aims to establish general laws or principles, and it typically uses a deductive approach.

Hypothesis testing is a core part of this method, common in quantitative research.

It contrasts with idiographic methods, which focus on uniqueness and in-depth cases.

98. When a single example like an event and organization is studied in depth, it is called:

Correct Answer: 4. Case Study
Solution:When a single example, such as an event, person, or organization, is studied in great detail, it is known as a case study.

Case studies are central to idiographic research and are often qualitative and inductive in nature.

They help explore complexity and context in real-life settings.

99. Who among the following predominantly used nomothetic method in his work?

Correct Answer: 3. E. Durkheim
Solution:Émile Durkheim used a nomothetic approach, seeking to uncover general laws of society, especially in works like The Division of Labour and Suicide.

He employed quantitative data and statistical methods to formulate universal social principles. In contrast, Malinowski, Geertz, and EvansPritchard used more idiographic and interpretive methods.

100. Grounded Theory is a kind of:

Correct Answer: 1. Inductive Method
Solution:Grounded Theory is a type of inductive method where theories are generated from data, rather than testing existing theories. Researchers collect data, identify patterns, and build concepts or models directly from the field.

It is widely used in qualitative research, especially sociology and anthropology.