NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, June, 2025 Geography

Sirocco, Santa Ana, and Khamsin are warm local winds, while Bora is a dry, cool, and fast-moving wind that blows along the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. Northern Italy is particularly affected by this wind. This northern and northeastern wind descends down the southern slope of the Alps and flows southward.
Sirocco is a hot, dry, and sandy wind blowing from the Sahara Desert toward the Mediterranean Sea. The dry, warm wind blowing in Egypt is called Khamsin. In Egypt, this wind blows from the south for approximately 50 days from April to June. Santa Ana is a hot, dry wind that blows in the United States from California. Therefore, option (d) is correct.

Jet streams are powerful, regular winds that flow in the upper atmosphere. Each hemisphere has two jet streams. Jet streams result from the difference between equatorial and subtropical air and polar and subtropical air. The greater the temperature difference, the stronger the jet stream. A strong circumpolar wind current, flowing from west to east in a band hundreds of kilometers wide in the upper troposphere, is called a jet stream.
This wind current circulates in both hemispheres between latitudes 20°C and the poles, at altitudes ranging from 7.5 to 14 km. Wind velocity in jet streams varies seasonally. They are stronger in winter, reaching speeds twice as high as in summer. Therefore, option (b) is correct.

The correct descending order of maps based on their scale (from large to small scale) is: Cadastral map - Topographic map → Wall map → Atlas map. The term cadastral or cadastral map derives from the French word "cadastre," meaning "register of territorial property." These maps are created on a large scale, such as cadastral maps of villages and city maps. Topographic maps are also generally created on a large scale.
These maps are based on precise surveys and are produced as series of maps by the national mapping agencies of almost all countries. Wall maps are typically created on large-sized paper or plastic, for use in classrooms or lecture halls. Atlas maps are miniature maps. These maps depict large areas and illustrate physical and cultural features in a general way.
Hence option (b) is correct.

The correct ascending order of states based on their total area is: Uttarakhand Jharkhand l Telangana → Chhattisgarh. Uttarakhand has an area of 53,483 square kilometers. Its capital is Dehradun. Due to its sacred sites and pilgrimage sites, it is often called the Land of the Gods/'Dev Bhoomi'. Jharkhand has an area of 79,714 square kilometers.
It came into existence as a union territory in November 2000. It is very rich in mineral resources. Telangana became a new state in 2014 by separating from Andhra Pradesh. Its area is 11,2077 square kilometers. Telangana is located on the Deccan Plateau in the central section of the eastern coast of the Indian peninsula.
The state of Chhattisgarh came into existence in November 2000 by separating a region from Madhya Pradesh. Its area is 13,5194 square kilometers. Therefore, option (a) is correct.

The geopolitics of the world's natural resources is influenced by factors other than the absolute selfsufficiency of all nations in resource production, including the uneven distribution of resources across regions, technological advances in resource extraction, and climate change policies. Natural resources are not distributed evenly but are concentrated in specific areas.
Therefore, some regions are rich in terms of resource availability, while others are poor or even resource-poor. Therefore, states are not entirely dependent on their internal resources. The propensity for a state's industrial and technological development depends largely on the management and proper utilization of its natural resources. It is the proper management, utilization, and technological development of resources that enable a state to impose and enforce its will and decisions on others.

Horizontal aerial photographs are also called terrestrial aerial photographs. To take horizontal or surface (terrestrial) aerial photographs, the camera axis is aligned with the horizontal plane. These provide only an elevation view. Horizontal photographs can also be taken with a good camera and are used as a supplement to the analysis of vertical photographs.
They are also of special importance in field studies. They are especially needed for profiles in geological, forestry, and geomorphological studies. To take oblique photographs, the camera axis in the aircraft is tilted towards the ground. These photographs show side views of surface details. Photographs taken with the axis of the aerial camera tilted are called oblique photographs.
These photographs cover a large area on the ground, but the accuracy and clarity of details decrease as one moves away from the center. The use of oblique photography is crucial from a strategic perspective. Therefore, during wartime, these aerial photographs are extremely useful for detecting tanks, vehicles, logistics stores, and armories hidden by the enemy under trees.
Trimetrogen means tripartite, meaning three-dimensional. Three cameras are used simultaneously in a camera unit. The central camera takes vertical images of the ground, while the side cameras take oblique aerial photographs up to the horizon. Thus, in the tripartite system, the entire area from the right horizon to the left horizon is captured.

Shamanism belongs to the traditional form of religion. Shamanism, which can be considered the ancestor of many ancient religions, is a set of rituals believed to have existed since the beginning of human history. Shamanism is the concept of viewing the universe, community, and human existence as a sacred whole.
At the core of shamanism is the idea of unity and harmony between humans and nature. It is a form of belief that communicates with the spirit of nature and expresses a desire to live in harmony with nature, and therefore, it is a type of philosophy of life today.

Fog is a cloud near the ground. When a large air mass filled with water vapor suddenly descends, condensation occurs on tiny dust particles. Therefore, fog is a cloud with its base at or very close to the surface. Dew is the direct deposition of water droplets on a surface. The formation of dew requires the dew point to be above the freezing point.
Frost forms on cold surfaces; condensation occurs when the temperature drops below the freezing point (0°C), meaning the dew point is at or below the freezing point. Snow is frozen precipitation. The release of moisture after condensation of water vapor is called precipitation. It can be in either a liquid or solid state.
Precipitation in the form of water is called rain. When the temperature is below 5°C, precipitation occurs in the form of snowflakes, called snowfall. Hence, statements B and C are not correct.

Rossby waves are rotating rivers of air. The position and extent of the jet stream (from the poles toward the equator) frequently change, changing its pattern from a nearly straight west-to-east flow to a meandering one. A wavy jet stream is called a Rossby wave. The transition from a straight flow path to a wavy flow path is called an index cycle, which occurs in four phases.
There are two jet streams in each hemisphere. Rossby waves are created by major relief barriers such as the Rockies and the Andes. They are formed due to thermal differences and uneven land-ocean interfaces. Therefore, option (a) is correct.