NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, June, 2025 Geography

Total Questions: 100

91. Read the following passage and answer all the questions accordingly.

Tactonic forces are the primary factor that drives the dynamic processes, that form the crust of the Earth, which are referred to as earth movements. These movements can be classified into sudden and slow processes. The phenomenon known as seismicity describes the existence of earthquakes, which are caused by the movement of tectonic plates. The intensity of seismic activities are measured using the Richter scale.
Folding occurs when compressional forces act on rock layers, causing them to bend. This process creates geological features such as anticlines and synclines. Faulting happens when stress exceeds the strength of rocks, leading to fractures and displacement along fault lines. Types of faults include normal, reverse and strike-slip faults.
Vulcancity involves the movement of magma from the Earth's interior to the surface, resulting in volcanic eruptions. When it comes to volcanoes, there are three categories: active, dormant and extinct. In addition to having a significant impact on human activity, These earth movements are also responsible for the formation of land forms.
What is the primary distinction between an active and dormant volcano?

Correct Answer: (b) A dormant volcano has erupted in the past but is currently inactive, where as an active volcano erupts periodically or continuously
Solution:

The primary distinction between an active and a dormant volcano is that a dormant volcano has erupted in the past but is currently inactive, while an active volcano erupts periodically or continuously. Volcanoes that consistently erupt lava, gas, and fragments are called active volcanoes, while volcanoes whose eruption time and nature are uncertain and which appear to be currently dormant are called dormant volcanoes.
Examples of active volcanoes include Etna and Stromboli in Italy and Pinatubo in the Philippines. Examples of dormant volcanoes include Vesuvius and Krakatoa. Examples of extinct volcanoes include Kohe-Sultan and Demvand (Iran) and Popa (Myanmar).

92. What type of fault is created due to horizontal displacement of rock layers?

Correct Answer: (b) Strike-slip fault
Solution:

Strike-slip faults are formed due to horizontal displacement of rock layers. Faults occur when stress exceeds the rock's bearing capacity, causing cracking and displacement along fault lines. Types of faults include normal, reverse, and strike-slip faults. When rocks are displaced along a plane in the Earth's crust due to the intensity of tensional movement, the resulting structure is called a fault.
The types of faults are: Normal faults: When a crack in a rock causes two sections of rock to slide in opposite directions, it is called a normal fault. Reverse faults: When a crack in a rock causes two sections of rock to slide opposite each other, the resulting fault is called a reverse fault. Lateral/Sloping Fault - When horizontal movement occurs along the fault plane due to movement in the horizontal direction, it is called 'Lateral Fault' or 'Strike Slip Fault'. Step Fault - When many faults are formed in a land area in such a way that the slopes of all the fault planes are in the same direction, then it is called 'Step Fault'.

93. A reverse fault accrues when:

Correct Answer: (a) The hanging wall moves upward
Solution:

A reverse fault is formed when the upper wall moves upward. When a crack in the rock causes two sections of rock to slide opposite each other, the resulting fault is called a reverse fault. In this type of fault, one section of rock slides over the other. This process is called a reverse thrust. On this basis, a reverse fault is also called a reverse fault or a thrust fault. A reverse fault is formed primarily by horizontal movement, and hence, it is also called a compressional fault. When compression is high, one section of the fault slides over the other. This type of fault is called an overthrust fault.

94. Why is the study of Earth movements crucial for human societies?

Correct Answer: (d) It allows for better understanding and mitigation of natural hazards like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions/
Solution:

The study of earth movements is important to human society because it helps better understand and mitigate natural disasters such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Forces that cause changes in the Earth's surface originate from two sources. These forces cause unevenness on the Earth's surface. Forces that originate at the Earth's surface are called external forces.

95. What is the primary cause of seismicity?

Correct Answer: (c) Sudden release of energy along faults
Solution:

The primary cause of seismicity is the sudden release of energy along faults. The phenomenon known as seismicity explains the existence of earthquakes, which occur due to the movement of tectonic plates. When, due to some known or unknown external or endogenous cause, intense vibrations are generated in the Earth's crust, it is called an earthquake.
The place where an earthquake first occurs is called the "seismic focus," and the place where the waves are first felt is called the "epicenter." The root cause of an earthquake is a disruption in the Earth's equilibrium state. It is worth remembering that the sole cause of an earthquake is the disruption of equilibrium on the surfacе.

96. Read the following passage and answer all the questions accordingly.

Migration is a fundamental demographic process involving the movements of individuals or groups from one geographical location to another, driven by economic, social, political and environmental factors. It can be categorized into voluntary and involuntary migration internal and international migration, or temporary and permanent migration. Economic opportunities, better living conditions, education and conflict are primary drivers of migration, Theories such as Ravenstein's Laws of migration, lee's Push-Pull Theory, and world system. Theory explain migration pattern and motivations. Migration has significant socio-economic impacts on both origin and destination regions.
While receiving areas benefit from labor supply and cultural diversity, challenges such as pressure on infrastructure, labor market competition, and social integration arise. In contrast, source regions may experience brain drain or economic loss but benefit from remittances sent by migrants. The concept of transnationalism further highlights how migrants maintain connections across borders. Migration policies world wide seek to balance economic needs, national security and humanitarian concerns, influencing global migration flows and their long term consequences.
The concept of "brain drain" is most closely associated with which type of migration? 

Correct Answer: (c) Skilled migration
Solution:

The concept of "brain drain" is closely linked to skilled migration. India's largest brain drain is to countries like the United States, Canada, and Europe. This is primarily due to the search for better opportunities, higher salaries, a better standard of living, adequate and improved research facilities, and better opportunities for higher education. For example, many Indian doctors and engineers migrate for better jobs and higher salaries.

97. According to Lee's Push-Pull Theory, which of the following is NOT considered a "push factor for migration?

Correct Answer: (b) Employment opportunities
Solution:

According to Lee's push-pull theory, the push factors are political instability, natural disasters, war and conflict, whereas employment opportunities are the pull factors. Lee propounded his theory in 1966. Hе considered population migration to be the result of four factors. Origin factors - There are some repelling factors at the origin or place of migration which motivate people to go there. The main factors among these are natural calamities, lack of employment, lack of resources, population growth, etc. Pull factors - The attractive factors present at the destination attract people from outside such as good living conditions, peace and stability, life, property security, favorable climate, etc.

98. Which of the following best describes "remittance dependency" in migration studies?

Correct Answer: (d) When home countries become heavily reliant on money sent by emigrants
Solution:

Migration studies best describe the phenomenon of "remittance dependence," when home countries become highly dependent on remittances sent by migrants. The main benefit for the originating country is the bills of exchange sent by migrants. Bills sent by international migrants are a major source of foreign exchange. Punjab, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu receive significant amounts from their international migrants. While the amount of bills sent by internal migrants is small compared to international migrants, they play a crucial role in the economic growth of the originating country.

99. Which of the following best describes the phenomenon where migration leads to a decline in working age population in the origin country?

Correct Answer: (a) Migration selectivity
Solution:

When migration leads to a decline in the working population in the country of origin, this phenomenon best represents migration selectivity. In India, people migrate from rural to urban areas mainly due to poverty, high population pressure on agricultural land, lack of infrastructure facilities like health services and education, etc.
The most important factors for most rural migrants to urban areas are better opportunities, regular work, and relatively higher salaries. Better opportunities for education, better health facilities, and sources of entertainment are also very important pull factors.

100. Which of the following is an example involuntary migration?

Correct Answer: (c) Displacement due to armed conflict
Solution:

Displacement due to armed conflict is an example of involuntary migration. The causes of migration are divided into two parts: (i) push factors that cause people to leave their place of residence or origin and (ii) push factors that attract people from different places.