NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, June, 2025 Geography

Richard Hartshorne identified four distinct approaches to studying the political geography of a state: the power analysis approach, the historical approach, the functional approach, and the morphological approach.
Hartshorne played a significant role in systematically structuring the study of political geography. He introduced a new approach to political geography, known as the functional approach. Hartshorne conceptualized two major sets of forces-centrifugal forces and centripetal forces-that operate within the cohesion of a political unit.
Therefore, option (c) is correct

In the Cates behavioral approach to geography, individuals make choices, based on knowledge, and based on the preconceived notion that individuals are rational in their decisions. In the behavioral (ethical) approach, human behavior is considered most important, and individual behavior is prioritized in the analysis of facts.
Thus, in the geographical study of a region's cultural elements, considerable importance is given to individual psychological qualities such as personal interests, needs, efficiency, consciousness, and capacity. It attempts to explore how and to what extent individual behavior influences a person's decision to act or not to act. Therefore, option (c) is correct.

The Montreal Protocol was the first concrete effort to protect the ozone layer. The Montreal Protocol was established regarding substances and substances that deplete the ozone layer. It is an international treaty aimed at systematically reducing the production of emissions of substances and gases that deplete the atmospheric ozone layer.
The treaty was signed on September 16, 1987, and entered into force on January 1, 1989. Its first meeting was held in Helsinki, Finland, in May 1989. 196 nations signed the treaty, while the Rio Conference was signed in 1992, the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, and the Paris Climate Agreement in 2015.

The Indian Ocean region is geopolitically important because it connects major energy trade routes. Petroleum from the Persian Gulf is exported to Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Southeast Asian countries, China, and Japan via the Indian Ocean route. The Indian Ocean is the world's third largest ocean after the Pacific |and Atlantic Oceans.
Located between the continents of Asia, Africa, Australia, and Antarctica, the countries of the Indian Ocean region are rich in mineral resources. The submerged coastal areas of this ocean are rich in mineral oil and natural gas. Dredging and exploration have revealed vast reserves of mineral oil and natural gas in the Persian Gulf, the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and along the west coast of Australia.

The Mediterranean biome extends between 30°C and 40°C latitudes in the western parts of continents in both hemispheres. The Mediterranean biome is also called the sclerophyll biome. This biome is dominated by the coastal regions of the Mediterranean Sea. It includes the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa. Southern European countries include Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, and parts of Yugoslavia, and Northern Africa includes Morocco, Algeria, and northern Tunisia.
In addition to the Mediterranean coastal regions, this biome also includes the coastal regions of California in North America, central Chile in South America, and southwestern Australia. The Mediterranean biome is home to a wide variety of trees, shrubs, and grasses. The vegetation here has a unique system for reducing moisture loss through transpiration. Some trees have leaves, some bark, and still others have roots that help limit transpiration. Plants in the Mediterranean biome have a specialized root/hair system.

The instrument used to measure horizontal and vertical angles with greater accuracy is a theodolite. An aneroid barometer or hygrometer measures atmospheric pressure. A hypsometer is used to measure height or elevation, and a clinometer is used to measure the angle of inclination or slope of an object.

O. H. K. Spate introduced the concept of probabilism in 1957. According to Spate, human society impacts the natural environment. However, the probability of some impacts may be higher than others, as society responds to those impacts.
This will depend on the level of technological advancement of the human community; humans are not independent agents. According to Spate, the possibilities presented by the environment in possibilism are diverse, and human choice of the most probable option will shape the actual cultural process and, consequently, the cultural landscape.
The natural environment is modified by social/cultural traits. The environment modified by these cultural traits influences humans, not just the environment, which is essentially indifferent. The physical environment provides opportunities for a range of possible human responses. The statements that humans are not passive entities but active forces and that humans transform the face of the earth are related to possibilism.