NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, June, 2025 Geography

Dry conditions are caused by factors such as global atmospheric circulation, continentality, and the rain shadow effect. Under global atmospheric circulation, descending air pressure in tropical high-pressure belts (e.g., the Sahara and Thar) causes aridity. Similarly, under continentality, less moisture reaches regions farther from the ocean, leading to arid climates, such as Central Asia.
Under the rain shadow effect, rainfall decreases on windward mountain slopes, increasing aridity, such as in Ladakh, north of the Himalayas. Warm offshore currents, however, increase humidity rather than aridity, as they provide moisture to winds passing over the ocean surface.

The standard deviation is the positive square root of the mean of the squares of the deviations from the mean. The square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of the deviations of the various item values of a data series from its arithmetic mean is called the standard deviation or standard deviation of that series. The standard deviation is sometimes also called the root mean square deviation from the arithmetic mean or the mean square error. The above direct method of finding the standard deviation can be expressed as a formula as follows:

The concept of urban agglomeration in India was first developed in the 1971 census. The first census in British India was conducted in 1872 during the tenure of Lord Mayo. Starting in 1881, under Lord Ripon, systematic population assessments began every ten years, continuing until the 2011 census. The 2011 census is the 15th census of India and the seventh of independent India.

In a vector model, a target or object is accurately represented by a specific shape. The advantages and disadvantages of vector models are as follows:

The concept of "innovation diffusion as a spatial process" was proposed by Hägerstrand. Swedish geographer Tarsten Hägerstrand, along with his colleagues at Lund University, conducted significant work on spatial diffusion. Hägerstrand's book, Spatial Diffusion as an Innovation Process, was originally published in Sweden in 1953.
His work primarily concerned the diffusion of agricultural innovations, drawing on numerous experimental studies. Based on his empirical and applied studies, he developed a general functional model of the diffusion process.

The process of cumulative causality was introduced by Gunnar Myrdal. In his book "Economic Theory and Underdeveloped Regions," Professor Gunnar Myrdal explained the causes of underdevelopment in underdeveloped countries from a new perspective.
According to this, cyclical cumulative causality and the overexport effect create a vicious cycle between underdeveloped and developed countries, which increases income inequality between them. Myrdal believes that economic development creates a eyclical causal process that gives rise to inequalities. His theory is based on inequalities arising from national and international relations. To study the effects of international economic relations, he used the following two concepts: (1) the spread effect, and (2) the backwash effect.

Cochin Shipyard Limited has the maximum ship/vessel repair capacity among the public sector ports in India. The Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, for the promotion of the Indian ship repair industry, has 53 shipyards in the country, of which 7 are under the Central Public Sector, 2 under Śtate Governments and 44 under the private sector. Currently, the maximum size of ships built in the public sector in India is 1,10,000 (D.W.T; Dead Weight Tonnage), which is being increased to 3,00,000 D.W.T by Cochin Shipyard Limited.