NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, June, 2025 Geography

A marginal worker is one who has worked less than 183 days in a year. The composition and economic status of the working population in India are based on three categories: main workers, marginal workers, and non-workers.

The jute industry in India began in 1855 with the establishment of the first mill near Rishra (20 km north of Kolkata) by George Auckland. After Partition, the industry faced a serious shortage of raw materials due to the transfer of 80 percent of the country's jute-producing area to East Pakistan (Bangladesh).
The Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta, which produces approximately 80 percent of India's jute, rather than just 10 percent, provides raw materials to jute mills. The localization of the jute industry has a clear impact on the location of raw materials. West Bengal alone produces 81.15 percent of the country's jute.
The Indian jute industry is plagued by numerous problems, including high production costs, raw material shortages, increasing competition in the global market, lack of modernization of jute mills, and volatility in production. Dry climates are not particularly conducive to spinning and weaving, but the moist climate of coastal areas is considered ideal because threads break less frequently in moist climates. Therefore, statements B and D are false, and statements A and C are true. Send feedback

The concept of sea floor spreading was first proposed by Professor Harry Hess of Princeton University in 1960. Hess's concept was based on the earlier work of ocean geologists and geophysicists. Hess theorized that mid-ocean ridges lie above convection waves rising from the mantle. New material (lava) is created along this ridge, and this newly formed crust slides to either side of the ridge. Thus, according to Hess, sea floor spreading occurs (along mid-ocean ridges) and crust destruction occurs along ocean trenches.

The above natural disasters/hazards in India are listed chronologically (from oldest to newest): Koyna earthquake (1967) → Odisha super cyclone (1999) →Bhuj earthquake (2001) → Tsunami (off the Tamil Nadu coast) (2004). In the past, many devastating earthquakes in India have caused enormous loss of life and property, including Koyna (1967), Uttarkashi (1991), Latur (1993), and Bhuj (2001).
In India, tropical cyclones primarily cause significant loss of life and property in coastal areas. These cyclones form mostly in the open Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea, between latitudes 8° to 15° north. The Odisha super cyclone of October 29, 1999, killed over 11,000 people and covered nearly a third of the state with saltwater.
A cyclone on June 9, 1998, killed 1,261 people in Gujarat. The largest tsunami in Indian history was caused by an 8.9 magnitude earthquake off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, on December 26, 2004. It killed 1.5 lakh people in Asia and Africa (15,160 in India). Therefore, option (b) is correctly matched.

Ecotourism is a specialized form of tourism in which people experience relatively untouched natural environments. Ecotourism is a travel style that promotes nature conservation, participation of local communities, and environmental education. Its primary objective is to enjoy natural sites while also protecting them and supporting sustainable development.

The most appropriate diagram for representing decadal population growth is a line graph. When a series of items contains a large number of items, a line graph is constructed to display them in a relatively small space. A bar diagram is drawn using columns of equal width. It is also called a column diagram. Simple, compound, or multiple bar diagrams can be constructed to suit the data.
For example, a simple diagram is constructed for immediate comparison. When different variables of a component are placed together, they are displayed in a compound bar diagram. A pie chart can be drawn to show India's total population, including the proportion of rural and urban populations. A flow chart is a combination of a cumulative graph and a map. It is drawn to show the flow of goods or people between places of origin and destination. It is also called a dynamic map.

The subordination of women by men as the primary inequality in human society is a core tenet of the feminist approach to geography. Feminist geography is a geographical study based on socio-political thinking related to gender discrimination and its underlying assumptions. Sociological thinking on gender discrimination began in the 1970s with the women's liberation movement in Western countries.
It was inspired by and integral to the then-revolutionary Marxist thought. Feminist or women's rights thinking in geographical studies began in the mid-1970s. Initially, Marxist thinkers were the leaders in feminist geographical studies, but later some liberal thinkers and writers also joined this stream of thought. This feminist geography, based on gender discrimination, is also known as gender geography.

The important components of the Green Revolution in India included land reforms, command area development, and rural electrification. The Green Revolution in India began in 1966-67 with the introduction of new, fertilizer-responsive dwarf wheat varieties developed in Mexico. The new agricultural policy announced in 1966-67 emphasized the adoption of new scientific agricultural practices for rapid increase in agricultural production (food grains), granting land ownership rights to landless farmers through land reforms, and implementing institutional and fundamental changes to ensure remunerative prices for agricultural produce.
This policy placed greater emphasis on the Improved Seeds Programme (HYVP). Apart from this, importance was given to irrigation facilities especially groundwater sources, chemical fertilizers, crop protection methods, new agricultural equipment/machines, cheap agricultural loans, improvement in marketing and storage facilities, agricultural diversification, profitable prices of agricultural produce, agricultural research.

India became a member of the Ramsar Convention for the Conservation of Wetlands on February 1, 1982, signing a total of 91 wetlands in India to date. Significantly, the Wetlands Convention, signed in Ramsar, Iran, in 1971, is an intergovernmental treaty that provides a framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources.