NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, June, 2025 Geography

The term "geopolitics" was coined by Rudolf Kjellen. "Lebensraum" means living habitat, and according to German geopoliticians, the growth of a state is a biological necessity. Geopolitical thought originated in Germany. Before and during World War II, Germans asserted their ethnic and cultural superiority, raising the slogan of habitat, or Lebensraum, on which geopolitics developed.
The term "geopolitics" was coined by Kjellen, a Swedish geographer, but Ratzel had previously introduced the concept in his work "Political Geography." Haushofer defined geopolitics as the science that studies the natural environment and political life, understanding political life in relation to its relationship to the earth and the conditions of historical activity.

Physical factors affecting global energy supply include the fact that solar energy requires a large number of days of intense sunlight per year and that fossil fuel deposits are found only in limited locations. Fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas are the main sources of conventional energy. These mineral reserves are limited. The increasing use of fossil fuels is increasing the importance of non-conventional energy sources. It is estimated that if consumption continues at the current rate, these fuel reserves will be depleted. Furthermore, their use also causes environmental pollution.
Therefore, there is a need to utilize nonconventional sources such as solar energy, wind energy, and tidal energy, which are renewable. Solar energy is a technology that is very beneficial for tropical countries with abundant sunlight. Energy generated by tides is called tidal energy. This energy is harnessed by building dams in narrow sea mouths. At high tide, it is used to rotate turbines installed in the dam.

Climate change impacts water and energy resources by increasing geopolitical tensions. Climate change reduces water resources, which increases tensions between countries over river water sharing. Rising sea levels thus affect the boundaries of coastal countries, leading to territorial disputes.
Dependence on fossil fuels for energy security and competition for renewable energy fuel geopolitical conflicts. Climate change exacerbates, not reduces, migration impacts and economic inequalities. It strengthens, rather than weakens, the influence of regional organizations and increases the importance of renewable energy sources. Therefore, option (c) is correct.

The book "Mainsprings of Civilization" was authored by E. Huntington. Huntington was a great thinker, writer, and explorer. He wrote more than two dozen books. The main topics of most of his works were climate and its impact, the development of human civilization, geology and geomorphology, regional geography, human race, etc.
Some of Huntington's major books include "The Pulse of Asia," "Civilization and Climate," and "Principles of Human Geography." Sempul was a disciple of Ratzel and a strong supporter of his deterministic ideas. She published an important book titled "American History and İts Geographical Conditions." H.J. Mackinder proposed the "Heartland Theory."

The above-mentioned healthcare schemes in India are arranged in the following chronological order according to the year of their launch:
Mission Indradhanush → Ayushman Bharat-Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana → Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Package Insurance Scheme→ Ayushman Bharat-Digital Mission.

Sodium chloride salts constitute the largest percentage of the salts present in the oceans. Generally speaking, "ocean salinity is the ratio of the weight of seawater to the weight of dissolved substances." The average salinity of the oceans is 35% (grams per thousand), but the amount of salt in each ocean, sea, lake, etc. varies. During the Challenger exploration in 1884, a scholar named Dittmar discovered 27 types of salts in the oceans, of which seven are the most important and are as follows:

The ascending order of the heights of important peaks is: Badrinath → Namcha Barwa→ Nanda Devi → Kanchenjunga. Some of the highest peaks of the Himalayas are:

Therefore, option (d) is correct.

The theories related to urban settlements are listed in chronological order (from oldest to newest) by the year they were formulated:
Concentric Theory → Block Theory → Polynuclear Theory → Class Size System.

Of the world's ocean currents mentioned above, the Falkland Current, Benguela Current, and California Current are cold currents, while the Brazil Current is a warm current. The movement of water in a specific direction in the ocean is called a current. Currents are similar to rivers flowing on the surface. Ocean currents are of two types based on temperature: warm currents and cold currents.
Cold currents are those that have a lower temperature than the area in which they flow. Some major cold currents are the Labrador Current, Greenland Current, Canary Current, Falkland Current, and Benguela Current (of the Atlantic Ocean), Curile Current, California Current, and Peru Current/Humboldt Current (of the Pacific Ocean).