NTA UGC NET/JRF Exam, June, 2025 Geography

Incoming solar radiation is called insolation. The energy received by the Earth is called incoming solar radiation, or insolation for short. On average, the Earth receives 1.94 watts per square centimeter per minute at the upper atmosphere.
The amount of solar radiation received at the surface varies from 320 watts per square meter in the tropics to 70 watts per square meter at the poles. The process of separation is called insolation, and heat is transferred by radiation.

Education is a good example of a group of quaternary economic activities, while retail, wholesale trade, and transportation are examples of tertiary economic activities. Quaternary activities include the collection, production, and dissemination of information, or even the production of information.
Quaternary activities focus on research and development and include services involving specialized knowledge, technological skills, and administrative capabilities. More than half of the workforce in developed economies is employed in this knowledge sector, and demand for software services, from mutual fund managers to tax consultants, has grown rapidly. Employees in office buildings, elementary schools, university classrooms, hospitals and doctors' offices, theaters, accounting, and brokerage firms are all engaged in this category of services.

The chronological order of Greek geographers (from earliest to latest) is as follows:
Herodotus → Hippocrates Eratosthenes Ptolemy.
Ptolemy was a Roman geographer. Therefore, option (a) is correct.

In Köppen's classification, the 'Cs' climate represents a Mediterranean climate. Summers are dry in this climate, with three times more rainfall in the wettest winter month than in the driest summer month. A 'Cs' is a humid oceanic climate. Köppen used the letter 'Cf for the Western European climate, 'Cw' for the Chinese climate, and 'E' for polar climates. Köppen presented a descriptive classification of global climates in 1900 and revised it in 1918, 1931, and 1936. Köppen divided global climates into five major groups and eleven climate types. The five major climate types are designated with capital letters A, B, C, D, and E.

In the context of Davis's geological cycle, the correct statement is: Landscapes are a function of structure, process, and time. American geomorphologist William Morris Davis proposed his concept of the geological cycle in 1899. He first proposed a general theory regarding the evolution of landforms, which encompasses various stages (young, mature, and old) over time, through which elevated areas are transformed into flat plains through weathering and erosion. Davis named this erosion cycle the geological cycle.
Its origin and development are governed by three factors: structure, process, and time (stage). These three factors are called Davis's Trio. Landforms develop through the interaction of endogenous and exogenous forces. Endogenous forces create unevenness on the surface, and exogenous forces attempt to eliminate these unevenness. No river can erode a valley below the bedrock. Penck used the term |"primaramp" to describe the landmass before it is uplifted. Therefore, option (a) is correct.

The tributaries of the Ganges River, in west to east, are: Gomti → Sharda → Ghaghra → Gandak. The Ganges River originates at an altitude of 3,900 metres from the Gangotri Glacier near Gomukh in the Uttarkashi district of Uttarakhand. Here, it is known as the Bhagirathi. At Devprayag, the Bhagirathi joins the Alaknanda and is then known as the Ganga.
The Ganges Basin covers an area of 8.6 lakh square kilometres in India alone and is India's largest drainage system, comprising perennial and intermittent rivers originating in the Himalayas in the north. The main tributaries of the Ganga are as follows: Rivers joining from the left bank are Ramganga, Gomti, Sharda, Ghaghra, Gandak, Kosi and Mahananda, while rivers joining from the right bank are Yamuna (Chambal, Sindh, Betwa, Ken), Son, Damodar (tributary of Hooghly).

The concept of an "ecological niche" was first introduced by J. Grinnell. It is the area of a plant or animal's natural habitat in which the organism or a population of organisms is adapted to live and thrive. An organism's ecological niche includes all the physicochemical and biological conditions necessary for survival in its natural habitat. The niche also includes the organism's feeding habits, nesting methods, and regeneration. The term ecology was first used by E. Haeckel in 1869, and the term ecosystem was first coined by Arthur Tansley in 1935.

The Circum-Pacific Belt contains approximately 80% of the world's active volcanoes, and this belt is also known as the Pacific Ocean's "Ring of Fire." Volcanoes are primarily generated here due to the collision of convergent plates along the Benioff Zone. Nearly two-thirds of the world's volcanoes are found along the coasts of the Pacific Ocean, island arcs, and oceanic islands. This chain of volcanoes is called the "Ring of Fire of the Pacific." This region is known for its convergent plate boundary, not divergent plate boundary. Therefore, option (a) is correct.

The major gases in the atmosphere, in ascending order by volume, are:
Hydrogen → Carbon dioxide → Argon → Oxygen→ Nitrogen.

The Albatross Plateau is located in the Pacific Ocean. The East Pacific Ridge, also known as the Albatross Plateau, extends 1,600 km across. Between latitudes 23° and 35° S, it splits into two branches. The eastern branch runs toward the Chilean coast, and the western branch, known as the Eastern Island Rise, runs southward.
The second major ridge is the New Zealand Ridge. The Queensland Plateau is a major ridge in the Pacific Ocean. Major ridges in the Atlantic Ocean include the Wyville-Thomson Ridge, the Dolphin Rise, the Telegraphic Plateau, and the Wallis Ridge. Major ridges in the Indian Ocean include the LaccadiveChagos-St. Paul Ridge, the Amsterdam-St. Paul Plateau, the Kerguelen-Gasberg Ridge, the Sokotra-Chagos Ridge, and the Kaalsberg Ridge.