NTA UGC NET/JRF EXAM. JUNE , 2019 (Paper II) Geography

Ramsar convention is on wetlands that was signed in 2nd February 1971 in the Iranian city of Ramsar. Finally, it came into force in 1975. Convention works on three pillars wise use, list of wetlands of international importance, International cooperation. Montreux Record is a mechanism that was launched in 1990. It registers those wetlands that need urgent attention. World Wetland Day is on 2nd February. India entered into force on 1st February 1981.

Sadler's theory of population growth-:
Sadler in his book 'The law of Population' gave his population theory i.e.
According to him, In Areas of high density i.e. in industrial regions, urban areas etc. people mainly limit their fertility by themselves or increasing density creates unhealthy atmosphere which ultimately leads to high death rate and ultimately decline in fertility.

The core periphery model shows that economic, political and cultural authority is dispersed in dominant regions and the surrounding peripheral and semi peripheral regions.
The core-periphery model of economic development was given by John Friedman in 1966. He outlined 4 stages of development:
(1) pre-industrial society with localized economies.
(2) Transitional society / core - periphery.
(3) Industrial society / dispersion of economic activity.
(4) Post Industrial society emergence of spatial integration in which various parts of the economy relate in a more truly interdependent manner.

"Apiculture is the scientific method of rearing honeybees. "The word 'apiculture' comes from the Latin word 'apis' meaning bee. So, apiculture or beekeeping is the care and management of honey bees for the production of honey and wax. Olericulture is the science of vegetable growing. Kitchen herbs come under Olericulture. Pomology is the science of fruit growing. Viticulture is the study of grape cultivation.

Erdkunde is the study of the physical structure and inhabitants of Earth. Ritter published 19 volumes of Erkunde over the course of his life. Almagest is an astronomical manual written by the Greek astronomer and geographer Ptolemy in the second century AD. Geography is the study of world's surface, physical qualities, climate, population etc. Strabo was a famous Greek geographer who had published a seventeen volume book titled "Geographia". Hippocrates was a great physician of the classical period who was considered to be the father of modern medicine.

According to D. Whittlessey, 1936 "Agricultural Region is an uninterrupted area having some kind homogeneity with specifically defined outer limit. Considering all the indicators, Whittlessey has divided the whole world into the following 13 agriculture system regions:

1. Nomadic herding

2. Livestock ranching

3. Shifting cultivation

4. Rudimentary tillage

5. Intensive subsistence tillage (with paddy dominance)

6. Intensive subsistence tillage (without paddy dominance)

7. Commercial plantation

8. Mediterranean agriculture

9. Commercial grain farming

10. Commercial livestock and crop farming

11. Subsistence crop & livestock farming

12. Commercial dairy farming

13. Specialized horticulture.

La Nina means Little Girl in Spanish. La Niña is also sometimes called El Viejo, anti-El Niño, or simply "a cold event." La Niña has the opposite effect of El Niño. During La Niña events, trade winds are even stronger than usual, pushing more warm water toward Asia. Off the west coast of the Americas, upwelling increases, bringing cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface.
These cold waters in the Pacific push the jet stream northward. This tends to lead to drought in the southern U.S. and heavy rains and flooding in the Pacific Northwest and Canada. During a La Niña year, winter temperatures are warmer than normal in the South and cooler than normal in the North. La Niña can also lead to a more severe hurricane season.
La Nina is a climate pattern that describes the cooling of surface ocean waters along the tropical west coast of South America. It is caused by strengthening of winds which results in pushing of cold surface water to the east and less cold water to the west.

Visakhapatnam Port has three harbours: The outer harbour, inner harbour and the fishing harbour. It is one of the 13 major ports of India. The outer harbour has been developed for handling iron-ore, petroleum and general cargo. Iron ore, manganese ore, steel products, general cargo, coal and crude oil are handled at this port which comes from China, Russia, Japan etc.

Ecology is an environmental philosophy and social movement which regards human life as just one of many equal components of a global system while the Anthropocentric view is the ethical belief that humans alone possess intrinsic value. Arne Naess invented the term deep ecology and shallow ecology. Deep ecology. environmental philosophy and social movement based in the belief that humans must radically change their relationship to nature from one that values nature solely for its usefulness to human beings to one that recognizes that nature has an inherent value.