NTA UGC NET/JRF EXAM. JUNE , 2019 (Paper II) Geography

The San Andreas Fault is the most famous fault in the world. It marks the boundary between theNorth American Plate on the east and the Pacific Plateon the west. The fault was the cause of the SanFrancisco Earthquake in 1906. It first appeared about 20million years ago. It is of conservative in Nature i.e.Plates runs parallel to each rather than colliding oropposite to each other. This type of plate boundary alsocalled as Transform boundary.

Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty on climate change. It was adopted by 196 parties at COP 21 in Paris, on 12 December 2015 and entered into force on 4 November 2016. The goal of the Paris Agreement is to reduce global warming below 2°C and preferably limit it to 1.5°C, compared to Pre-industrial levels. On June 1, 2017, President of the United States of America Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease participation in the Paris Agreement because the agreement would undermine the U.S. economy and put the U.S. at a permanent disadvantage. In 2021, US again joined Paris Agreement after change in Presidency.

Recumbent fold has an essentially horizontal axial plane. Linear, fold axial plane oriented at low angle resulting in overturned strata in one limb of the fold. When the two limbs of a fold are essentially parallel to each other and thus approximately parallel to the axial plane, the fold is called isoclinal.
Many folds are distinctly linear; that is, their extent parallel to the axis is many times their width. Some folds, however, are not linear but are more or less circular in plan. A dome is such a fold that is convex upward; this means that its strata dip outward from a central area. A basin is a circular fold that is concave upward-i.e., the strata dip inward toward a central area.

The National Population Policy 2000 released on February 15 aims to bring the total fertility rate (TRF) to replacement level by 2010 and to achieve a stable population by 2045, at a level consistent with sustainable economic growth, social development, and environmental protection. TFR at replacement level is 2.1 births per woman.
It was initiated by the government for improving healthcare quality and coverage, monitoring and measuring the delivery of family welfare programmes so as to enable the increasingly literate and aware families to achieve their reproductive goals and country to achieve rapid population stabilization.
But due to high T.F.R even in 2010 the goal to remain it under 2.1 is not achieved i.e. 2.8
Due to which government pushes the deadline to up to 2070.

Proto Australoids means constituting a generalized type of prehistoric man characterized by long narrow head, broad nose, and medium long face mainly Santhals, Mundas and trible groups of central India included in it while Bhutias are Sikkimese people living in the state of Sikkim in Northeast India who speak Sikkimese.

Positivism, in Western philosophy, generally, any system that confines itself to the data of experience and excludes metaphysical speculations. The term designates the thought of the French philosopher Auguste Comte (1798-1857).
Positivism is the state of being certain and very confident of something. It is validated by the use of logic, science, maths, facts etc. An example of positivism is a Christian being absolutely certain there is a God. While speculation is the act of formulating an opinion of theory without fully researching or investigating.

Carl Ritter was a German Geographer and is considered as one of the founders of modern geography. Ritter was a teleologist attempt to interpret the philosophically that which science could not explain. He even sought to construct 'a law of the arrangement' of the parts of each continent to the whole. Ritter had a vision of an ordered and harmonious universe.
In short, Ritter gave a systematic frame to geography which remained valid for the future scholars for number of centuries. With the death of Humboldt and Ritter in 1859, the classical period of geography came to an end.

Entisols are sandy mineral soils low in organic matter, natural fertility, and water-holding capacity. They have weak or no diagnostic subsurface layers and are well to excessively well drained. Inceptisols are soils that exhibit minimal horizon development. They are more developed than antisols.
They are often found in mountainous regions and are used for forestry, recreation and watershed. Mollisols primarily occur in the middle latitudes and are extensive in prairie regions such as the Great Plains of the U.S. Oxisol form principally in humid tropical zones under rainforest, scrub and thorn forest, or savanna vegetation on flat to gently sloping uplands.

Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Battutah, commonly known as Ibn Battuta was an Moroccan explorer who travelled extensively. He travelled for nearly 30 years and covered most ofthe Islamic world. Ibn Battutah wrote one of the world's most famous travelogues, The Rihla, which describes people, places and culture he experienced during his journeys. Не reached Delhi during the reign of Mohammad Bin Tughlaq.