NTA UGC NET/JRF Re-Exam, June, 2024 Geography

The transition between two different ecosystems of plant groups is called an ecocline. The transition zone between two ecosystems is called an ecotone. The physical environment of a biological community is called an ecotope. When a permanent change occurs in the DNA of an organism, it is called mutation.

For the hexagonal system, Losch imagined a borderless plain with equal access in all directions, where density is uniform throughout. Therefore, this theory is not suitable for the distribution of central places with sparsely distributed settlements.
Losch's central place theory is suitable for understanding economic change in densely populated areas and assumes the coexistence of factorial values and hierarchies. This theory is no more suitable for tertiary services than for secondary activities. Therefore, statements (A) and (D) are incorrect, while statements (B) and (C) are correct, hence option (d) is correct.

The correct descending order of albedo is:
Fresh rain → Desert → Crops → Water (high sun).
The fraction of radiation (energy) reaching an object's surface that is reflected back is called albedo or reflection coefficient. It is expressed as a percentage. For example, a 30 percent albedo means that 30 percent of the total energy reaching an object's surface is reflected back (returned), and that surface is able to absorb only 70 percent of the total energy entering. Albedo depends on the properties of the receiving surface and the angle between the sun and the Earth's surface. The different surfaces of the Earth are listed in descending order of their albedo: Snow cover (70-90%) > Dry land (15-25%) > Black soil (8-14%) > Forest (5-10%) > Water (3-5%), etc. Hence, option (c) is correct.

The term "Edge city" was coined by Joel Garreau in his book "Edge City: Life on a New Frontier." An area outside a central city or major industrial town that has developed its own political, commercial, and cultural base is known as an "edge city."

Steep gradients and rapid movement are associated with cold fronts, which explain more intense weather events. When two different air masses meet, the boundary region between them is called a front. The process of front formation is called frontal generation.
There are four types of fronts: (i) cold fronts, (ii) warm fronts, (iii) stationary fronts, (iv) occluded fronts. When fronts become stationary, they are called stationary fronts. When cold and heavy air aggressively pushes warm air masses upward, this contact region is called a cold front. If warm air masses aggressively rise above cold air masses, this contact region is called a warm front. If an air mass rises completely above the surface, such a front is called an occluded front.

Feminist geography emerged as part of the radical Marxist orientation of human geography. Feminist thought in geography began in the mid-1970s. Initially, Marxist thinkers were at the forefront of this thinking, but later, some liberal thinkers and writers joined this trend. Feminist geographers believe that the problem of gender discrimination is more important than other socio-economic factors in determining social relations and shaping local social landscapes.
Feminist geography is also known as gender geography. Feminist geography is a new branch of geography that focuses its analysis on the gender-based structure of the social system and its social and geographical consequences. It is committed to actively working towards the immediate correction of the adverse effects of gender discrimination and the establishment of complete gender equality by eliminating gender discrimination over time.

The highest peak among the given options is the Mizo Hills. The mountain ranges that extend from north to south along the Myanmar-India border of the Himalayas and pass through Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, and Mizoram are collectively known as Purvanchal. They are given local names such as Patkai Bum (Arunachal Pradesh), Naga Hills, Manipur Hills, Tripura Hills, and Mizo Hills.
The highest peak of the Naga Hills is Saramati (3826 m). The Aravalli Range, which stretches 800 km in length from northeast to southwest between Delhi and Palanpur (Gujarat), represents the world's oldest mountain range.
Its average elevation decreases from less than 400 m in the north to more than 900 m in the south. Its highest peak is Guru Shikhar, 1722 m. The Vindhya Range extends approximately 1050 km. It extends from Jobat in Gujarat to Sasaram in Bihar in a length of. Its general height is found between 450-600 m.
The Satpura range is found parallel to the Vindhya range, between the valleys of Narmada in the north and Tapti in the south, from Ratanpur in the west to Amarvantak in the east. With a length of about 900 km and an average height of 770 m, its general direction is from east, north-east to south-west. Its highest peak Dhoopgarh is 1350 m high.

"The highest achievements of civilizations in a region were always limited by a specific type of climate." This statement was made by Mr. Huntington in support of environmental determinism. Huntington was a strong supporter of environmental determinism. According to him, natural factors play a major role in determining the activities, qualities, and cultural development of a region's human population. He considered climate to be paramount among natural factors. His book was "Civilization and Climate." In "Principles of Human Geography," he wrote that "human geographic distribution depends more on climate and weather than on any other factor." Some of Huntington's important books are:
The Pulse of Asia
Civilization and Climate
Principles of Human Geography
Character of Races
Climate Change: Its Nature and Factors

The correct order of the headquarters of the given organizations from the equator to the North Pole is as follows:
(Organization) (Headquarters)
ASEAN- Jakarta (Indonesia)
SARU - Kathmandu (Nepal)
OPEC - Vienna (Austria)
EU - Brussels (Belgium)
Thus, from the equator to the pole, the order is: Jakarta →Kathmandu→ Vienna → Brussels. Therefore, option (a) is correct.