Part – B (General Studies) NDA/NA SOLVED PAPER 2018 (II) (101 to 150)

The convex mirror will never form an inverted image.

Fundamental Rights  are the basic rights of the common people and inalienable rights of the people who enjoy it under the  charter of rights  contained in Part III (Article-12 to 35) of  Constitution of India. Right to citizenship is not is fundamental right.
All the Fundamental Rights have been classified under the following six categories Right to be Equality (Article14-18) Right to Freedom
(Article 19-22) Right against Exploitation (23-24) Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25-28) Cultural and Educational Rights (Article 29-30) Right to Constitutional Remedies (Art.32) The Right to Property is no longer a Fundamental Right.

Chili is reported to be an inhabitant of South America and is widely scattered in all tropical and sub-tropical countries including India. It was first introduced in India by the Portuguese towards the end of the 15th Century

Southern Indian trade guilds  were formed by merchants in order to organise and expand their trading activities. The two most important merchant guilds of South India were known as the Ayyavole and the Manigraman.
Ayyavole were a merchant guild from Aihole that provided trade links between trading communities in  Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
Manigraman guild flourished in Tamil Nadu in the Pallava and Chola periods and was active in South-East Asia. The Manigramam merchants enjoyed a special position as compared to the other merchants.
Anjuvannam was another body of merchants in South India, which almost certainly represented an association of foreign merchants who traded across the Arabian sea.
It interacted both with local merchants as well as the Ayyavole and Manigramam organisations.

Kevaladvaita is another name for the philosophy of advaita which was
expounded by Adi Shankara. The meaning of Advaita is non-dualism or belief in one reality.
Philosophy of Vishishtadvaita was pioneered by Ramanujacharya during the 11th century. It literally means the Unique Advaita, i.e., Advaita with some amendments.
Avadhuta is a Sanskrit term used to refer to a person who has reached a stage in their spiritual development in which they are beyond worldly concerns.

The  Stamp Act Congress, or  First Congress of the American Colonies, was a meeting held between October 7 and 25, 1765, in  New York City. It consists of representatives from some of the  British colonies in North America.
At this meet, the delegates discussed and united against the stamp act, which required the use of specially stamped paper for legal documents, playing cards, calendars, newspapers and dice for virtually all business in the colonies.

Important Foreign Travellers Who Visited India Nicolo Conti (AD 1420-1421), an Italian traveller, visited Vijayanagar empire during the reign of Devaraya-I (theTuluva dynasty ruler).
Nikitin (AD 1470–1474) was a Russian merchant,who describes the condition of the Bahmani kingdom under Muhammad III (1463–82).
Fa-Hien was a Chinese pilgrim who visited India during the reign of Chandra Gupta II. His primary aim was to visit the Buddhist religious places and to take with him the copies of the Buddhist religious texts.
François Bernier  (September 25, 1620–September 22, 1688) was a French physician and traveller. He was briefly personal physician to Mughal prince Dara Shikoh (son of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan), and was attached to the court of the emperor  Aurangzeb.

Among the Dutch, Danish, Portuguese and French, the French East India Company was the last to be formed. It was founded by Jean-Baptiste Colbert in 1664. Under Francis Caron, the company established first factory at Surat in 1667 and second factory was established at Masulipattanam a year later.
In 1741, Joseph François Dupleix began to cherish the ambition of a French Empire in India. But the problem began to emerge when the conflict of the British and French started.
The hopes of the French company were finally ruined with the arrival of Robert Clive(a British General) in India in 1744.

The Central Vigilance Commission was set up by the government in February,1964 on the recommendations of the Committee on Prevention  of Corruption, headed by K. Santhanam, to advise and guide Central government agencies in the field of vigilance.
CVC is conceived to be the apex vigilance institution, free of control from any executive authority, monitoring all vigilance activity under the Central Government and advising various authorities in Central Government organizations in planning, executing, reviewing and reforming their vigilance work.
It consists of A Central Vigilance Commissioner as a chairperson; and not more than two Vigilance Commissioners as its members.