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Poverty & Unemployment (Part – I)

📆 October 18, 2024

Total Questions: 57

11. Consider the following statements regarding Public Distribution Systems: [U.P. U.D.A./L.D.A. (Pre) 2013]

1. The main objective was to provide essential commodities at subsidized prices.

2. It was started as a price support program.

3. Food subsidy is provided by the State Governments.

Which of these statements is/are correct?

 

Correct Answer: (b) 1 and 2
Solution:In the 1960s, the Public Distribution System (PDS) was started as a price support program. Its main objective was to provide essential commodities at subsidized prices. Food subsidies in India include subsidies given to farmers by way of support prices and purchasing operations of the Food Corporation of India, consumer subsidies offered by PDS and subsidies to FCI to cover all these costs. Food subsidy is provided by the Government of India. Under the scheme of decentralized procurement, State specific economic cost is determined by the Government of India and the difference between the economic cost so fixed and the Central Issue Prices is passed on to the State as food subsidy.

12. Public Distribution System is aimed at- [M.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2008]

Correct Answer: (d) All of the above
Solution:Public Distribution System (PDS) is a government-sponsored chain of shops entrusted with the work of distributing basic food and non-food commodities to the needy sections of the society at affordable prices. The main objective of PDS is to provide food security to the poor. It also aims to check and prevent hoarding and black marketing in essential commodities. It acted as an instrument of price stabilization and become a countervailing force against private traders who were try to exploit the situation of scarcity of food.

13. Which of the following programme was meant for the eradication of poverty in rural India? [U.P.U.D.A./L.D.A. (Mains) 2010]

Correct Answer: (d) All of the above
Solution:Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP; 2 October, 1980), Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment (TRYSEM; 15 August, 1979) and National Rural Employment Programme (NREP; October, 1980) were started for the eradication of poverty in rural areas.

List of Poverty Alleviation Programmes in India

Name of the Scheme/Programme

Year of Formation

Government Ministry

Objectives

Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)

1978

Ministry of Rural Development

To raise the families of identified target groups living below the poverty line through the development of sustainable opportunities for self-employment in the rural sector.

Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana1985Ministry of Rural Development• To create housing units for everyone along with providing 13 lakh housing units to the rural areas.
• To provide loans at subsidized rates to the people.
• To augment wage employment opportunities to the households by providing employment on-demand and through specific guaranteed wage employment every year.
Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)15th August 1995Ministry of Rural Development• To provide pensions to the senior citizens of India at 65 years or higher and living below the poverty line.
• It provides a monthly pension of Rs.200 for those aged between 60-79 years and Rs.500 for people aged above 80 years.
National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS)August 1995Ministry of Rural Development• To provide a sum of Rs.20,000 to the beneficiary who will be the next head of the family after the death of its primary breadwinner.
Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY)1st April 1999Implemented by the Village Panchayats.• Developing the infrastructure of the rural areas which included connecting roads, schools, and hospitals.
• To provide sustained wage employment to families belonging to the below poverty line.
Annapurna1999-2000Ministry of Rural Development• To provide 10 kg of free food grains to eligible senior citizens who are not registered under the National Old Age Pension Scheme.
Food for Work Programme2000sMinistry of Rural Development• It aims at enhancing food security through wage employment. Food grains are supplied to states free of cost, however, the supply of food grains from the Food Corporation of India (FCI) godowns has been slow.

Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)

-

-

• The main objective of the scheme continues to be the generation of wage employment, the creation of durable economic infrastructure in rural areas and the provision of food and nutrition security for the poor.

14. Mitigating Poverty in Western Rajasthan (MPOWR) Programme is supported by: [R.A.S./R.T.S. (Pre) 2018]

Correct Answer: (c) International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD) and Ratan Tata Trust
Solution:The Mitigating Poverty in Western Rajasthan (MPOWR) Programme was implemented in the six poorest blocks of the districts of the Jodhpur division in Western Rajasthan. The project was financed by the International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD) and the Government of Rajasthan, as well as contributions from Sir Ratan Tata Trust, banks and beneficiaries. The project was declared effective on 11 December, 2008 and was completed on 31st December, 2017 with two extensions.

15. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has identified following categories of poverty. Which one is correct? [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2022]

Correct Answer: (c) Both (a) and (b)
Solution:United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has identified two categories of poverty which are as follows: (i) Income poverty, which arises due to lack of necessities of material well-being, and (ii) Human poverty, which is the denial of opportunity for living a decent standard of life. Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.

Key Findings

  • Across 112 countries and 6.3 billion people, 1.1 billion people (18.3 percent) live in acute multidimensional poverty.
  • Poor people live in rural areas: 962 million (83.7 percent) live in rural areas.
    ∗Around 70.7 percent of all poor people live in rural areas of Sub-Saharan
  • Africa (463 million) and South Asia (350 million).
  • The five countries with the largest number of people living in poverty are India (234 million), Pakistan (93 million), Ethiopia (86 million), Nigeria (74 million) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (66 million).
    ∗Together, these five countries account for nearly half (48.1 percent) of the              1.1 billion poor people.
  • Approximately 584 million people under 18 are living in extreme poverty, making up 27.9% of all children globally, compared to 13.5% of adults.
  • Poverty in conflicted regions: The report noted that 2023 witnessed more conflicts than at any time since World War II causing displacement of over 117 million people.
  • Nearly 40% of the 1.1 billion people live in poverty, approximately 455 million, are situated in countries experiencing conflict.

16. Human Poverty Index was introduced in the Human Development Report of the year: [I.A.S. (Pre) 1998, U.P.P.S.C. (GIC) 2010]

Correct Answer: (d) 1997
Solution:UNDP first published Human Poverty Index (HPI) in the Human Development Report of 1997. Since then UNDP published Human Poverty Index, along with Human Development Report, each year. From the year 2010, Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) has replaced the HPI under the Human Development Report.

Key Findings

  • Across 112 countries and 6.3 billion people, 1.1 billion people (18.3 percent) live in acute multidimensional poverty.
  • Poor people live in rural areas: 962 million (83.7 percent) live in rural areas.
    ∗Around 70.7 percent of all poor people live in rural areas of Sub-Saharan
  • Africa (463 million) and South Asia (350 million).
  • The five countries with the largest number of people living in poverty are India (234 million), Pakistan (93 million), Ethiopia (86 million), Nigeria (74 million) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (66 million).
    ∗Together, these five countries account for nearly half (48.1 percent) of the              1.1 billion poor people.
  • Approximately 584 million people under 18 are living in extreme poverty, making up 27.9% of all children globally, compared to 13.5% of adults.
  • Poverty in conflicted regions: The report noted that 2023 witnessed more conflicts than at any time since World War II causing displacement of over 117 million people.
  • Nearly 40% of the 1.1 billion people live in poverty, approximately 455 million, are situated in countries experiencing conflict.

17. Human Development Report 1997 introduced the concept of Human Poverty Index (HPI) but Human Development Report replaced it with Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) in the year: [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2020]

Correct Answer: (c) 2010
Solution:The global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) is an international measure of acute multidimensional poverty covering over 100 developing countries. It complements traditional monetary poverty measures by capturing the acute deprivations in health, education and living standards that a person faces simultaneously. Human Development Report replaced Human Poverty Index (HPI-introduced in 1997) with MPI in Year 2010.

Key Findings

  • Across 112 countries and 6.3 billion people, 1.1 billion people (18.3 percent) live in acute multidimensional poverty.
  • Poor people live in rural areas: 962 million (83.7 percent) live in rural areas.
    ∗Around 70.7 percent of all poor people live in rural areas of Sub-Saharan
  • Africa (463 million) and South Asia (350 million).
  • The five countries with the largest number of people living in poverty are India (234 million), Pakistan (93 million), Ethiopia (86 million), Nigeria (74 million) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (66 million).
    ∗Together, these five countries account for nearly half (48.1 percent) of the              1.1 billion poor people.
  • Approximately 584 million people under 18 are living in extreme poverty, making up 27.9% of all children globally, compared to 13.5% of adults.
  • Poverty in conflicted regions: The report noted that 2023 witnessed more conflicts than at any time since World War II causing displacement of over 117 million people.
  • Nearly 40% of the 1.1 billion people live in poverty, approximately 455 million, are situated in countries experiencing conflict.

18. Human Poverty Index was introduced in the year! [U.P.P.C.S. (Spl.) (Mains) 2004]

Correct Answer: (c) 1997
Solution:The global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) is an international measure of acute multidimensional poverty covering over 100 developing countries. It complements traditional monetary poverty measures by capturing the acute deprivations in health, education and living standards that a person faces simultaneously. Human Development Report replaced Human Poverty Index (HPI-introduced in 1997) with MPI in Year 2010.

Key Findings

  • Across 112 countries and 6.3 billion people, 1.1 billion people (18.3 percent) live in acute multidimensional poverty.
  • Poor people live in rural areas: 962 million (83.7 percent) live in rural areas.
    ∗Around 70.7 percent of all poor people live in rural areas of Sub-Saharan
  • Africa (463 million) and South Asia (350 million).
  • The five countries with the largest number of people living in poverty are India (234 million), Pakistan (93 million), Ethiopia (86 million), Nigeria (74 million) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (66 million).
    ∗Together, these five countries account for nearly half (48.1 percent) of the              1.1 billion poor people.
  • Approximately 584 million people under 18 are living in extreme poverty, making up 27.9% of all children globally, compared to 13.5% of adults.
  • Poverty in conflicted regions: The report noted that 2023 witnessed more conflicts than at any time since World War II causing displacement of over 117 million people.
  • Nearly 40% of the 1.1 billion people live in poverty, approximately 455 million, are situated in countries experiencing conflict.

19. The Multidimensional Poverty Index of UNDP includes: [U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2010]

Correct Answer: (b) 10 indicators
Solution:In year 2010 Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), with the help of United Nations Development Program (UNDP), developed the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), which focuses on deprivations of poors' life rather than income related standard. From the HDR 2010, MPI has replaced Human Poverty Index (HPI). MPI uses following three dimensions and ten indicators:
DimensionsIndicatorsWeight
Health (1/3)• Child Mortality

•  Nutrition

1/6 each
Education (1/3)•  Years of schooling

•  School attendance

1/6 each
Living Standards (1/3)•  Cooking fuel

•  Sanitation

•  Drinking water

•  Electricity

•  Housing

•  Assets

1/18 each

20. Multidimensional Poverty Index includes: [U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2019]

i. Health

ii. Education

iii. Living Standard

Select correct answer from the codes given below:

Codes:

Correct Answer: (d) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct
Solution:The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) was developed in 2010 by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initative (OPHI) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). MPI uses health, education and standard of living indicators to determine the degree of poverty experienced by a population. It has since been used to measure acute poverty across over 100 developing countries. The Global MPI is released by OPHI and UNDP and it is published along with the Human Development Index (HDI) in the Human Development Report.
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