Railway Science (Biology – Animal Kingdom)

Amoeba - microscopic single-celled organism found in pond water. Amoeba constantly changes its shape and position. It feeds some microscopic organisms. When it senses food, it pushes out pseudopodia around the food particle and engulfs it. Paramecium uses cilia to obtain food.

Parasite - A parasite is a plant or an animal that lives on, or with, or inside a larger species extracting nutrients. In some cases, the parasite can harm the host and in other situations, it is completely harmless.
Types of parasites - Ectoparasites (survive outside the host), Endoparasites (survive inside the host) and Meso Parasites (Parasites that enter through an opening in the host body).

Position 1 - Gills (used for respiration by fish). Position 2 - Dorsal Fins (protect the fish against rolling, and assist it in sudden turns and stops). Position 3 - Pectoral Fins (responsible for control of directional movement, up and down or side to side). Position 4 - Pelvic Fin (Stabilizes the fish while swimming and allows for up-and-down movement in the water).

Examples of Arthropods are lobsters, crabs, spiders, mites, insects, centipedes, and millipedes. Echinodermata examplesAsterias (Starfish), Echinus (Sea urchin), Antedon (Sea lily), Cucumaria (Sea cucumber), Ophiura (Brittle star). Annelida examples- Earthworm, Leeches, Lugworms, Polychaetes. Chordates Examples - Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds (Hummingbird can fly backward) and Mammals.

Metamorphosis - A process by which animals undergo extreme, rapid physical changes sometime after birth. Mutation - Any change in the DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) sequence of a cell.
Diversification - Evolution describes the cumulative changes that occur in the heritable characteristics of a population. Transfiguration is a striking change in appearance or circumstances. Hyla is known as tree frog.

Chlorella (green algae), as a food supplement, is rich in protein and carbohydrates. It yields about 30% proteins,15% lipids, 30% carbohydrates, and 5% ash. Spirulina platensis (blue-green algae) is one of the richest sources of protein and vitamin B.
Spirogyra (known as ‘water silk or pond silk’) are free-floating green algae present in freshwater habitats such as ponds, lakes, etc. Funaria is terrestrial moss, commonly known as ‘cord moss’.

An invertebrate is a cold-blooded animal without a backbone. Examples - Insects, arachnids, crustaceans, Molluscusa (chintons, snail), Annelid (earthworms and leeches). Reptiles are vertebrates. Example - King Cobra (longest venomous snake in the world), Turtles, Lizards and crocodiles.

All multicellular animals except sponges are metazoans. These animals are heterotrophic in nature. The living organisms are divided into five different kingdoms namely: Monera (Unicellular, Prokaryotic), Protista (Unicellular, eukaryotes), Fungi (unicellular as well as multicellular, eukaryotes), Plantae (Multicellular, eukaryotic), and Animalia (Multicellular, eukaryotic).

It is a unicellular creature. It has the ability to change or adapt any shape. Paramecium is a unicellular organism with a shape resembling the sole of a shoe. An earthworm is a terrestrial invertebrate that belongs to the phylum Annelida.
Hydra is a genus of small, fresh-water organisms of the phylum Cnidaria and class Hydrozoa. Pseudopodia are temporary projections of the cell membrane of eukaryotic cells.

Cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes) - Fishes that have a skeleton made of cartilage, rather than bone. Examples - All Sharks, Skates, Rays, Chimaeras. Bony fish (Osteichthyes) - Fishes whose skeleton is made of bone. Examples - Tuna, Rohu.