Railway Science (Biology – Animal Kingdom) (Part-II)

Peripatus is a connecting link between annelids and arthropods. Sphenodon is a connecting link between reptiles and amphibians. Archaeopteryx connecting link between Reptiles and birds. Neopilina connecting link between Annelida and mollusca.

Sea anemone - These are a group of marine animals that belong to the order Actiniaria and found in oceans in depths deeper than 10,000 metres.
Sea-Pen - These are grouped with the octocorals, together with sea whips (gorgonians) and found in tropical and temperate waters worldwide, as well as from the intertidal to depths of more than 6100 m.

Antedon - It belongs to phylum Echinodermata. Phylum - Mollusca is the second largest animal phylum after Arthropoda. They are terrestrial or aquatic (marine or freshwater) having an organ-system level of organisation. They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and coelomate animals. Examples of Mollusca: Pila and Octopus.

Muscle tissue is composed of cells that have the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts. Extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential for the development, maintenance and regeneration of skeletal muscle.
ECM is involved in the macrostructure of muscle, arranging fibers into bundles, bundles into fascicles and integrating muscle structure with aponeurosis and tendon.

Adipose tissue is found beneath the skin, around the kidneys, and between the internal organs. Adipose tissue is a type of loose connective tissue that stores fat to provide insulation to the body and protect major organs.

Bacteria are the sole members of the Kingdom Monera. Examples - Archaebacteria, Eubacteria. Bacteria are grouped under four categories based on their shape: spherical Coccus, rod-shaped Bacillus, comma-shaped Vibrium and spiral Spirillum.

Adipose tissue, also known as fatty tissue, is a type of connective tissue that stores energy in the form of fat. It is found beneath the skin and around internal organs, and it plays a crucial role in insulating the body, helping to maintain core body temperature.
The different types of connective tissues in our body include areolar tissue, adipose tissue, bone, tendon, ligament, cartilage and blood.

Turtle, Crocodile and Snake belong to the reptile class while Toad belongs to the amphibian class. Amphibians are organisms that live a dual life. They can live on land as well as in water.
They have a porous skin that requires moisture. Example - Giant Salamanders, Rhacophorus, Hyla frogs. Reptiles are a group of cold-blooded animals which have skins covered with small hard plates called scales and lay eggs. Example - Snakes, lizards, crocodiles.

Budding is very common in Yeast and Hydra. This is a process of asexual reproduction that includes development of new organisms from a small part of the parent organism. Binary fission is a form of asexual reproduction in which an organism splits into two.
Fragmentation is a type of asexual reproduction in which an organism simply breaks into individual pieces at maturity. Multiple fission is the process of asexual reproduction in which instead of 2 daughter cells, many daughter cells are produced from the parent cell.

Echinodermata - A phylum of sea invertebrates; They have five fold radial symmetry, a calcareous skeleton, and tube feet operated by fluid pressure; Examples - sea cucumbers, starfishes, sea urchins, brittle stars and crinoids. Arthropoda - Those invertebrates who breathe through the trachea and book lungs; Examples - butterflies, cockroaches, tarantula, and lobsters.
Mollusca - Invertebrates with three main body parts i.e. the foot, the visceral mass and the mantle; Examples - oysters, limpets, octopus, chiton. Nematoda - Microscopic worms that live in the soil; Examples - filarias, hookworms, pinworms.