Railway Science (Biology – Animal Kingdom)

Penicillium (Alexander Fleming). Saprophytes are organisms that get their nutrition from dead organic matter, including fallen wood, dead leaves or dead animal bodies. Examples - Molds, mushrooms, yeast, penicillium, and mucor.
Penicillins are a group of antibacterial drugs that attack a wide range of bacteria. Tapeworms are found in the human intestines, where they feed on partially digested food. Cuscuta is a genus of more than 150 species of parasitic flowering plants.

Taxonomic hierarchy order - Species > Genus > Family > Order > Class > Phylum > Kingdom > Domain. Carolus Linneaus is known as the “Father of taxonomy and nomenclature”.
A family can be defined as a taxonomic group of one or more genera, especially sharing a common attribute. For example, cats and lions belong to the same family - Felidae. The taxonomic hierarchy family comes between order and genus.

Arthropods - The largest and most diverse group of animals on Earth, including insects, spiders, centipedes, and millipedes. Nematodes that commonly parasite to humans. Example - hookworms, pinworms, whipworms. Echinoderms: Examples - Sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars, and brittle stars. Annelida: Examples - Earthworm, Leeches, Lugworms, Polychaetes.

It includes mostly marine animals, hydras, jellyfish, sea anemones, sea pens, sea whips, and sea fans. Arthropods (Largest phylum in the animal kingdom) - Lobsters, crabs, spiders, mites, insects, centipedes, and millipedes.
Mollusca - Mussels, scallops, oysters, periwinkles, whelks, squid, clams, snails (sex not genetically determined), and octopus. Nematoda (Roundworms) - Ascaris, filariasis, hookworms, pinworms (Enterobius), and whipworms (Trichuris trichiura).

Mammals are vertebrates that nourish their young with milk from the characteristic mammary glands of the mother. Types: Monotremes, Marsupials, and Placentals.
Characteristics: The presence of hair or fur, Sweat glands, Their offspring are fed milk (which is produced by the mother's mammary), Three middle ear bones, Have a complex brain, Specialized teeth. Mammals have a four-chambered heart.

Scolopendra - It is a genus of centipedes of the family Scolopendridae and the class Chilopoda. Mollusca - The second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals, after the Arthropoda. Examples: Gastropods, Cephalopod, Bivalvia, Octopus, Scallops, Cuttlefish, Decapodiformes.

Pisces are cold-blooded aquatic animals. They can not control their body temperature according to the temperature of their surroundings. Insects, arachnids, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are generally cold-blooded.
Whales, dolphins, seals are warm-blooded aquatic animals. warm-blooded animals - Animals that can regulate and maintain constant internal body temperature.

It is an invertebrate animal that is a member of the phylum ‘Annelida’ and the order ‘Opisthopora’. It is usually a ‘hermaphrodite’, which means that it has both male and female organs.
When an earthworm is cut into two pieces, the head of the worm may survive and regenerate its tail if the animal is cut behind the clitellum.
Animals that can regenerate their body parts - Axolotl, Chameleons, Mexican tetra, Starfish, Sharks, Salamander, Flatworm, Sea squirt, Deer.

Tapeworm belongs to the Phylum Platyhelminthes of Kingdom Animalia. The organisms of phylum platyhelminthes have their body unsegmented. In tapeworms the new segments (called proglottids) originate from the neck i.e. anterior part of the body. Hence, tapeworms exhibit pseudometamerism. Roundworm or Ascaris is one of the common parasites found in the intestines of human beings.

Genus - Taenia. Kingdom - Animalia. Class - Cestoda. Endoparasites are parasites that live in the tissues and organs of their hosts, such as tapeworms, flukes, and protozoans of vertebrates. Ectoparasites are pathogens that usually infect only the superficial layers of the skin. Example : Ticks, fleas, lice, parasitic flies and mites.