Railway Science (Biology-Deficiency and Diseases) (Part-II)

Leukemia - It is a cancer of the blood including bone marrow. It is caused due to the mutation of DNA.
Polio - It is caused by the virus. It can infect a person’s spinal cord, causing paralysis (can’t move parts of the body).
Meningitis - It is caused by bacteria, virus, fungi, and parasitics. It is an inflammation (swelling) of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.
Smallpox - It is caused by the variola virus. The face, arms and legs are often affected first, followed by the torso, hands and feet.

Leukoderma - It causes loss of skin pigmentation (melanin) that leads to skin whitening. Affected body’s parts : Hands, Feet, Face, Mucous membranes (inside of your mouth, lips and nose), Genitals.
Skin diseases : Acne, Pemphigus, psoriasis, Atopic Dermatitis, Rosacea. Throat diseases :Tonsillitis, Croup, Laryngitis. Liver Diseases : Alagille Syndrome, Cirrhosis, Hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E), Wilson disease.

Typhoid fever is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. It is transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated food or water. Symptoms : Sustained high fever, weakness, stomach pain, constipation, headache, and loss of appetite.
Diagnosis : Typhoid fever could be confirmed by Widal test. Prevention : Vaccine is available for typhoid. Personal hygiene and eating properly cooked food and drinking boiled water.

Vitamin A (Retinol) : Deficiency - Night blindness, Sources - Fish, eggs, and dairy products.

Soluble fluoride is added at average concentration of about 1 part per million or below to prevent tooth decay. The tooth enamel is made up of hydroxyapatite which consists of calcium, phosphorus and hydroxide.
The bacteria produces acid, which tends to dissolve this hydroxyapatite. Streptococcus mutans is one of the main causes of dental decay. Bromide is a type of medication used to treat severe epilepsy, particularly causing myoclonic seizures.

Red Blood Corpuscles (Erythrocyte or red blood cell) - It is made in the bone marrow, containing a protein called hemoglobin, which carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body.
Deficiency diseases : White blood Corpuscles (Leukocytes or white blood cells) - Leukopenia disorder. Vitamins - Beriberi, Anaemia Pellagra. Calcium and phosphorous - Cataracts, Osteoporosis, poor Appetite, etc.

Diabetes - It occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Common types of diabetes - Type 1, Type 2, Gestational.
Other diseases and their common treatments and drugs : Cancer - Bone marrow transplantation, chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy. Tuberculosis - Rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol. Anaemia - Iron supplement, minerals, and vitamins.

This disease is a skin disorder characterized by a rash of small, raised pink spots, which are usually itchy. There may also be a small scab in the middle of the bumps. Typhoid fever caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi is a bacterial infection that can spread throughout the body, affecting many organs. Hepatitis A (viral disease) is an inflammation of the liver that can cause mild to severe illness.

Other diseases : Viruses - Chickenpox, COVID-19, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Human papillomavirus (HPV), Flu (influenza), Measles, mumps, and rubella. Algae - Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, paralytic shellfish poisoning, and Ciguatera fish poisoning.

Sickle cell anemia (Vitiligo) : A skin condition characterized by a part of the skin losing the pigment. Albinism (pigment inferiority) : A congenital disorder characterized by the complete or partial absence of Melanin.
Psoriasis : A skin disease that causes a rash with itchy, scaly patches, most commonly on the knees, elbows, trunk and scalp.
Hirelip : A congenital malformation of the upper lip, which is caused by a failure of the two sides of the lip to fuse together during development.