Railway Science (Biology-Deficiency and Diseases)

It is a highly contagious illness caused by Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV). Takahashi developed the first vaccine against chickenpox.
Major diseases and their cause : Virus - Rabies, Measles, Herpes, Meningitis, Hepatitis, Trachoma, Polio, AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), Smallpox, Dengue fever, Influenza.
Bacteria - plague, diphtheria, typhoid, whooping cough, tetanus, leprosy, syphilis, pneumonia, cholera.
Protozoa - pyorrhea, kala-azar, malaria, dysentery, sleeping sickness.
Fungi - Aspergillus infection, Athlete's foot, Jock itch, Ringworm, Coccidioidomycosis, Sporotrichosis, histoplasmosis.

Fire blight : It is a highly contagious bacterial infection affecting fruit trees, such as apple and pear, causing wilting, blackening, and burned appearance of branches and fruit.
Tikka disease - Crop - Groundnut, Caused by - Fungus. Green ear disease - Crop - Millet, Caused by - Fungus. Red rust disease - Crop - Tea, Caused by - Algae of the genus Cephaluros.

Typhoid - It is caused by Salmonella Typhi (Bacteria). Common infectious diseases caused by Bacteria - Leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae), Pertussis (Bordetella pertussis), Tetanus (Clostridium tetani), Plague (Yersinia pestis).

Hepatitis A - It is a viral infection that affects the liver and is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). The virus is transmitted through contaminated food or water or by close contact with an infected person.
Bacteria - They are single-celled microorganisms that can be found in various environments and play essential roles in ecosystems, some being beneficial while others can cause diseases.
Protozoa - They are a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, that feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris.

Vitamin K (Phylloquinone), Source - Green leafy vegetables such as kale, collard greens, broccoli, spinach, cabbage and lettuce. Deficiency disease - Poor bone development, Osteoporosis, and increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

Dengvaxia is approved for use in individuals aged 9–16 years of age with laboratory confirmed previous dengue infection and living in endemic areas. Chikungunya virus is spread to people by the bite of an infected mosquito. Swine flu (H1N1 virus) : A human respiratory infection caused by an influenza strain that started in pigs. Cholera is a bacterial disease usually spread through contaminated water.

Leishmania : Caused by protozoan parasites, transmitted by the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies. Symptoms : Fever, weight loss, enlargement (swelling) of the spleen and liver and abnormal blood tests.
Liver fluke - Phylum-Platyhelminthes.
Tapeworm - Phylum-Platyhelminthes of Kingdom-Animalia. Ascaris - Genus of parasitic nematode worms known as the small intestinal roundworms, a type of parasitic worm.

H5N1 virus (Subtype of Avian influenza). Avian influenza (Bird flu) refers to the disease caused by infection with Avian influenza Type A viruses.
Anopheles Mosquito : Mosquito of the genus Anopheles, certain species of which are vectors of the parasite causing malaria in humans.
Tsetse fly : Found in sub-saharan Africa and include vectors of human and animal trypanosomes (causing sleeping sickness and nagana).
HPV Virus (Human papillomavirus) : Affects skin and causes genital warts or cancer.

Vitamins and their Deficiency Diseases - Vitamin A (Retinol) - Night blindness; B1 (Thiamine) - Beri-Beri; B2 (Riboflavin) - Retarded growth; B3 (Niacin) - Fatigue, Depression; B6 (Pyridoxine) - Weak Immune System; B7 (Biotin) - Hair Thinning, Skin Rashes; B9 (Folic Acid) - Weakness, Neurological Issues; B12 (Cobalamin) - Anaemia; C (Ascorbic acid) - Scurvy; D (Calciferol) - Rickets; E (Tocopherol) - Less fertility; K (Phylloquinone) - Non-Clotting of Blood. Calcium deficiency causes osteoporosis, dental changes and cataracts.

It is an abnormal enlargement of thyroid gland present in the throat, occurring due to the deficiency of iodine in the body. A cataract is when your eye's natural lens becomes cloudy, Proteins of the lens break down and cause things to look blurry, hazy or less colorful.
Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve. Dry eyes can occur when you're unable to produce enough liquid tears, also called aqueous fluid.