Railway Science (Biology – Discoveries and Vaccines)

There are four main blood groups - A, B, AB and O. Universal donors - O negative blood type. Universal recipients - AB positive blood type. Dmitri Mendeleev - Father of Modern Periodic Table. Alexander Fleming - Discovered Penicillin in 1928. Isaac Newton - Discovered the Laws of Gravity and Motion.

Protoplasm is the living part of a cell that is surrounded by a plasma membrane. It includes cytoplasm, nucleus and other organelle. Robert Hooke is known for his discovery of the law of elasticity and cell (1665). G.J. Mendel (The Father of Genetics) - studied the inheritance of traits . Charles Darwin gave the theory of evolution and was famous for natural selection.

The invention of the microscope supported the study of finer details of a living cell. Cork - He observed box-shaped structures, which he called “cells”. It was discovered in 1665. The living cells were first discovered by Antony Van Leeuwenhoek. Cytology - The study of cells and their structure, functions, types and organelles.

COVAXIN (Development name - BBV152) is a whole inactivated virus-based COVID-19 vaccine. Bharat Biotech: Founded - 1996, Founder - Krishna Ella, Headquarters - Genome Valley, Turakapally, Hyderabad. Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR): Founded - 1911, Headquarters - New Delhi, Founder - Government of India.

It was the first antibiotic obtained from Penicillium notatum (a type of fungus). Antibiotics - The chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria and are used to treat bacterial infections. ExamplesAmoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, etc.
Azithromycin - It is used to treat infections including chest infections such as pneumonia, ear, throat and nose infections. Erythromycin and Streptomycin - It is used for the treatment of bacterial infections.

Zika virus - spread by the bite of an infected Aedes species Mosquito. Vaccine - ZikaVac (only Vaccine of Zika virus). Ebola - a disease caused by a ebola virus and spread through contact with infected blood and body fluids.
Vaccine - ERVEBO (Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Vaccine - Covaxin (Bharat Biotech) and Covishield (Serum Institute of India).

Ultrasonics : Used in medicine, communication, navigation, testing, cleaning, detection, ranging, and mixing and in Gynaecology and obstetrics for monitoring pregnancy and birth.
CAT (Computed axial tomography) scan: Diagnostic tool for detecting diseases and injuries. Uses a series of X-rays and a computer to produce a 3D image of soft tissues and bones.
Chemotherapy : Cancer treatment. Uses drugs to destroy cancer cells and prevent tumour growth.
Eudiometer - A laboratory device that measures the change in volume of a gas mixture following a physical or chemical change.

He was a French chemist and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization. Rabies - A preventable viral disease most often transmitted through the bite of a rabid animal.
Other Important Scientists and their discoveries: Robert Koch - Tuberculosis bacterium, Cholera, Anthrax. Alexander Fleming - Penicillin. Edward Jenner - Smallpox Vaccine.

Louis Pasteur (Father of bacteriology) - French chemist and microbiologist, he discovered pasteurization and vaccines against anthrax and rabies. Alexander Fleming - Scottish bacteriologist, known for discovery of penicillin.
Robert Coach - German physician, discovered the causes of tuberculosis, anthrax, and cholera. Edward Jenner - English surgeon and discoverer of vaccination for smallpox.

He is known as the ‘Father of Genetics’. J.B.S Haldane along with Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin proposed the theory of chemical evolution for the first time in 1992. Stanley L. Miller is the ‘Father of prebiotic chemistry’. Charles Darwin is considered as the ‘Father of Evolution’.