Railway Science (Biology – Endocrine/Exocrine system)

Bile salts (found in the liver). Trypsin (found in the small intestine) is an enzyme that aids with digestion. Hydrochloric acid (found in the stomach) makes the environment in the stomach acidic, killing the microbes in the stomach. Pepsin (discovered in 1836 by Theodore Schwann) is an endopeptidase enzyme that degrades proteins into peptides.

Salivary glands are located in the mouth. Hundred of small glands located throughout the tongue, palate, lips, cheeks etc. Exocrine glands secrete substances into a ductal system to an epithelial surface. Example - skin, mouth (Salivary glands), stomach, pancreas, duodenum, and breasts. Endocrine glands secrete products directly into the bloodstream. Example - Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, and adrenal glands.

The pituitary gland secretes hormones which carry messages around the body via the bloodstream. Thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the throat in the front of the neck. Adrenal glands located on top of both kidneys and produce hormones that help regulate metabolism, blood pressure and other essential body functions. Pancreas is located across the back of the belly, behind the stomach. It has digestive and hormonal functions.

Pituitary: A small pea-sized gland at the base of the brain that plays a major role in regulating vital body functions, growth and sexual development. Pancreas: Has two main functions: An exocrine function that helps in digestion and An endocrine function that regulates blood sugar.
Thyroxine hormone: Acts as a regulator of the metabolic rate of the body. Its primary function is to stimulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in the cells to produce energy.

They are endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys and produce hormones as cortisol, aldosterone and adrenaline. Pineal gland: Convey information about the state of light-dark cycle by receiving it from the environment.

This is located on top of each of your two kidneys and its major action is to prepare the body for 'fight or flight'. It is also called emergency hormone. Pancreas - works as both exocrine function (produces enzymes that help in digestion) and endocrine function (Sends out hormones that control the amount of sugar in your bloodstream).
Thyroid gland - A butterfly-shaped organ located in the base of your neck. It controls metabolism. Pineal gland (Master Gland) - A pea-sized conical mass of tissue behind the third ventricle of the brain.

Pancreas - secrete insulin and glucagon which regulate glucose level. Pineal Gland - Secretes hormone melatonin which regulates the body's circadian rhythm. Parathyroid Gland - Secretes parathyroid hormone which regulates calcium levels in the blood.
Thyroid Gland - Produces two hormones - T4: Thyroxine (Tetraiodothyronine), T3: Triiodothyronine. It plays a major role in growth, development and metabolism of the body.

Pituitary gland (Master gland of Endocrine system) - It is an oval and pea sized gland which produces and releases several hormones and controls the functions of other endocrine glands.
Glands and its location in body:- Hypothalamus (Inside the skull ), Pineal gland (Inside the skull), Thyroid gland (Front of neck), Thymus (Upper chest between the lungs), Adrenal gland (Top of both kidneys).

Pancreas - It is located in the Abdomen of the body and is part of the Digestive system. In response to rising sugar levels in the bloodstream Pancreas (Beta cell) secretes Insulin.
Hyperinsulinemia - When Pancreas secretes more insulin than the normal. Diabetes - When Pancreas secretes less Insulin than the normal requirement.

Pituitary gland also known as hypophysis. It is connected to the hypothalamus of the brain by the pituitary stalk. The pituitary controls most other endocrine glands. It has two distinct parts: the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary.