Railway Science (Biology – Excretory System)

Dialysis is a procedure to remove waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys stop working properly. An artificial kidney is a device to remove nitrogenous waste products from the blood through dialysis. Normally, in a healthy adult, the initial filtrate in the kidneys is about 180 L daily. However, the volume actually excreted is only a litre or two a day, because the remaining filtrate is reabsorbed in the kidney tubules.

The breaking of the C-C bonds of complex compounds through oxidation within the cells, leading to release of a considerable amount of energy is called respiration. This process of conversion of complex food substances to simple absorbable forms is called digestion and is carried out by our digestive system by mechanical and biochemical methods.

Urethra - It is a tube that carries urine from the Urinary bladder. In females, urethra contains only urine, while in males, it contains both urine and sperms. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
The oviduct is a long muscular tube that carries eggs from the ovary to the uterus.The vas deferens (sperm duct) transports mature sperm to urethra before ejaculation.

It is a gland connected to the testicles at one end and the penis on the other end. Functions of Prostate Gland: Helps in producing semen, acts as a filter, creates erections, protects against urinary tract infections, controls urine flow. Penis - Male reproductive organ. Scrotum - Bag that holds the testicals.