Railway Science (Biology – Miscellaneous) (Part-II)

Tooth decay is a disease that causes damage to the hard tissues of the teeth. It is caused by bacteria that live in the mouth and produce acids that attack the teeth. Treatment for dental caries typically involves removing the decayed portion of the tooth and filling the cavity with dental materials to restore the tooth's structure and function.

Sativa - Scientific name Medicago sativa. Alfalfa is a legume crop primarily grown for forage, hay, and as a cover crop.Fish {scientific name - Vertebrata (subphylum)} refers to a diverse group of aquatic animals characterized by gills, fins, and usually a streamlined body.
Fossils (represent the history of life on Earth) are the preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms that have been preserved in rocks or sediments.

Also known as ‘flying foxes’. Nipah virus - It is also known to cause illness in pigs and people. Infection with Nipah Virus is associated with encephalitis (swelling of the brain) and can cause mild to severe illness and even death.

The fossils of the earliest man, Homo naledi - Found in the regions of South Africa. Homo Sapiens - first discovered in Europe and were named Cro-Magnon.Homo Erectus - One of our direct human ancestors and may have been the first early human species to migrate out of Africa into the rest of the world. Stages in Human Evolution: Dryopithecus, Ramapithecus, Australopithecus, Homo Erectus, Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis, Homo Sapiens Sapiens.

An endemic species is confined for a particular reason and they are not found anywhere else in the world. Examples - The Galapagos tortoise (Survives for long periods of time without water), The Hawaiian honeycreeper, Australian Kangaroo, Asiatic Lion, Gir Forest and The snow leopard.

The Process of obtaining Wool: Scouring - the process of removing dirt, grease and dust from the hair, Sorting - the process of separating the hair according to their textures, Removing burrs - the burrs or small fibers present on the hair are picked out.
Then the hair is cleaned and dried out, Coloring - the fibers are dyed in different colors, Rolling - the fibers for wool so obtained is straightened out, combed and then rolled into a yarn.

Falcon is estimated to spot their prey from around 2 miles away (3.2 km). Scientific name - Falco peregrinus. Kingdom - Animalia. Phylum - Chordata.

Groundnut (About 85 % of the groundnut in India is sown in the kharif season under rainfed conditions) also known as earthnut, monkey nut, manilla nut, pinda, goober and kingpin of oilseeds, unpredictable legume and energy capsule. Family - Leguminoseae. Scientific name - Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), Potato (Solanum tuberosum), Mango (Mangifera indica), Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum).

Starch (C₆H₁₀O₅)n - A white, granular, organic chemical that is produced by all green plants. It is a soft, white, tasteless powder that is insoluble in cold water, alcohol, or other solvents.
Starch or amylum is a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of numerous glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds. Fat is a source of essential fatty acids, which the body cannot make itself.
It helps the body absorb vitamin A, vitamin D and vitamin E. Proteins are polypeptide structures consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Vitamins are organic compounds that people need in small quantities.

Wasps and Beetles have two powerful food grinding jaws called mandibles and maxillae. The second pair is less powerful and is behind the mandibles. Beetles and wasps belong to Phylum Arthropoda. Bees play an important role in pollination.