Railway Science (Biology – Miscellaneous) (Part-II)

Oligosaccharides:- A type of carbohydrate chain made up of three to ten simple sugars (monosaccharides). Disaccharide (double sugar):- It is the sugar formed when two monosaccharides (simple sugars) are joined by glycosidic linkage. Peptide:- A short chain of amino acids connected to one another in a sequence by bonds called peptide bonds.

Artery - It is part of the circulatory (cardiovascular) system. It is the blood vessel that brings oxygen - rich blood from the heart to all of the body's cells. Pulse - It is the number of heartbeats per minute which can be felt at the wrist (Radial artery), side of the neck (Carotid artery), back of the knees (Popliteal artery), groin (Femoral artery) and foot (dorsalis pedis artery).

Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) also known as water hyssop, thyme-leaved gratiola, and herb of grace, an herb containing compounds called bacosides, which helps to improve cognitive function, including memory, learning, and concentration.
Popular Ayurvedic medicinal plants: Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Shankhpushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis), gotu kola (Centella asiatica).

Muscle fiber (single muscle cells) - They help to control the physical forces within the body. When grouped together, they can facilitate organized movement of your limbs and tissues.
Spinal cord : It is a thin, long and circular structure made of nervous tissue that carries signals between the brain and body.
Nerve fiber : It is a threadlike extension of a nerve cell and consists of an axon and myelin sheath in the nervous system.
Visceral fiber: The fibers that make up the smooth muscles that are found in the walls of internal organs, such as the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels. The study of visceral organs - Splanchnology.

Transpiration - Process of evaporation of water from plants. It occurs when plants take up liquid water from the soil and release water vapor into the air from their leaves.
Expiration - It is the process of breathing out or exhaling carbon dioxide-rich air from the lungs.
Inspiration - It is the process of breathing in or inhaling air into the lungs. Oxidation - It is a chemical process that involves the loss of electrons by an atom or molecule.

Eutrophication - The process in which excessive growth of algae occurs in a water body due to excessive minerals and nutrients.
Salinization - It is caused by flooding or inundation with saline waters, breaching of dykes, storm surges, tsunamis, or the drying of large inland water bodies.
Biomagnification - The process in which chemical substances become more concentrated at each trophic level.
Global warming - The phenomenon of gradual increase in the average temperature of earth.

Plasmolysis: The process of shrinkage of a plant cell's protoplasm as a result of the loss of water from the cell. Cytolysis : occurs when a cell bursts due to an osmotic imbalance that has caused excess water to diffuse into the cell. Hemolysis : The breakdown of red blood cells.

Paracetamol - It is a drug recommended for the treatment of mild-to-moderate pain, headache and fever. Antibiotic - Used to kill or inhibit bacterial growth. Penicillin obtained from fungus.
Erythromycin - An antibiotic used for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. This includes respiratory tract infections, skin infections, chlamydia infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, and syphilis.

Vocal cords (vocal folds) are two bands of smooth muscle tissue found in the larynx (voice box). The vocal cords vibrate and air passes through the cords from the lungs to produce the sound of your voice. The trachea is the windpipe, which carries air to and from the lungs.
The lungs are the organs that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the air. Nostrils are the nasal cavity, which is involved in breathing and smelling.

Edward Genner - He developed the smallpox vaccine. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (the father of microbiology) - He discovered both protists and bacteria.
Robert Koch - He discovered the causative organisms of anthrax, septicemia, tuberculosis and cholera.
He received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1905 for his research on tuberculosis. Carl Linnaeus - The father of modern taxonomy.