Railway Science (Biology – Miscellaneous) (Part-III)

It is a polysaccharide compound and used by the human body for food storage. It is stored within the muscles and liver. The glycogen gets converted into energy when in need by the body.
The human body uses amino acids to make proteins. Pyruvic acid, the simplest α-keto acid, plays a central role in sugar metabolism.
It is the product of glycolysis, the anaerobic decomposition of glucose. Glucose is a type of sugar that is used by the body to produce energy.

Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism. It is related to genes and their variant forms (alleles) . The genotype “tt” represents dwarf plant and “Rr” represents plant with round seeds.
If the plant is tall and wrinkled, the possible genotypes are “TT rr” or “Tt rr”. If the plant is dwarf and wrinkled, the possible genotype is “tt rr” only. If the plant is tall and round, the possible genotypes are “Tt Rr”, “TT Rr”, and “TTRR”.

Tendon is the fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to bone. Tendons are made up of collagen. Types of Tendon: Flexor Tendons - helps in bending joints and curling their fingers. Extensor Tendons - helps in straightening joints and extending toes.
Ligamentous Tendons - connect bones to other bones and muscles. It provides stability and support. Cartilage - Strong, flexible connective tissue that protects joints and bones. Ligaments - connect two bones together. Bone - provide support to the body and help in maintaining shape of the body.

Reproduction: It is a biological process by which an organism reproduces an offspring that is biologically similar to the organism. Circulation - The movement of blood through the body's blood vessels and heart.
Digestion - The breakdown of food into smaller components that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. Respiration - The process in which organisms exchange gasses between their body cells and the environment.

In this experiment, Mendel took two pea plants of opposite traits (one short and one tall) and crossed them. He found the first generation offspring were tall and called it F1 progeny.
Then he crossed F1 progeny and obtained both tall and short plants in the ratio 3:1. Analogous organs are a type of organs which perform similar functions but are structurally different. Example - Bat wings and Bird Wing.

Gregor John Mendel (father of genetics): He Conducted hybridisation experiments on garden peas for seven years (1856-1863) and proposed the laws of inheritance in living organisms.
Mendel observed seven traits that are easily recognized and apparently only occur in one of two forms (dominant and recessive).
Flower colour - purple or white. Flower position - Axial or terminal. Stem length - Long or short. Seed shape - Round or wrinkled. Seed colour - Yellow or green. Pod shape - Inflated or constricted. Pod colour - Yellow or green.

Tendon is the fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to bone. Types of Tendon: Flexor Tendons - Help in bending joints and curling fingers. They are located where the hand meets the wrist. Extensor Tendons - Helps in straightening joints and extending toes. Ligamentous Tendons - Connect bones to other bones and muscles.