Railway Science (Biology – Nervous System)

Number 4 - indicates the spinal cord’s (connects brain to lower back) location in the human brain.
Number 1 - indicates Forebrain (processing of information related to complex cognitive activities, sensory and associative functions, and voluntary motor activities).
Number 2 - indicates Midbrain (movement of the body and head).
Number 3 - indicates Hindbrain (responsible for most of the breathing, blood pressure, sneezing, and swallowing actions).

(Rhombencephalon): A region of the developing vertebrate brain that is composed of the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the cerebellum. It coordinates functions that are fundamental to survival such as respiratory rhythm, motor activity, sleep, and wakefulness.

It is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, and it is a part of the central nervous system in the human body. Heart is the busiest organ of the body. Heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The rib cage forms the thorax (chest) portion of the body. The muscular system of the human body helps for movement.

Dendrite:- Structures of neurons, which conduct electrical impulses toward the cell body of the nerve cell. Axon (nerve fibre):- Portion of a nerve cell (neuron) that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.
A neuron typically has one axon that connects it with other neurons or with muscle or gland cells. The cell body is the largest part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
Free nerve ending (FNE) or bare nerve ending, is an unspecialized, afferent nerve fibre sending its signal to a sensory neuron.

Neurons - They are the basic and fundamental units of the nervous system which are responsible for transmitting signals to establish communication between the central nervous system and the body.
Types of Neurons - Sensory Neurons, Motor Neurons, Interneurons. Neuron Structure - Cell body or Soma, Axon, Synapse, Dendrite. Neuron Functions - Chemical Synapse, Electrical Synapse.

Brain: Divided into three major parts - Forebrain, Midbrain, and Hindbrain. The Hindbrain - Comprises pons, cerebellum and Medulla. Pons - Consists fibre tracts that interconnect different regions of the brain.
Cerebellum - Consists a very convoluted surface in order to provide the additional space for many more neurons. The medulla - Connected to Spinal cord. Contains centres which control respiration, cardiovascular reflexes and gastric secretions.

Neurons:- These are the information processing units of the brain responsible for sending, receiving, and transmitting electrochemical signals throughout the body. A neuron has three main parts : Dendrites, an axon, and a cell body (soma).

EEG - A number of electrodes are applied to your scalp. It helps diagnose a number of conditions including epilepsy, sleep disorders and brain tumours. The EEG discovered by Hans Berger. Other parts and their tests: Stomach - EGD or upper endoscopy, Lungs - Spirometry, Heart - Electrocardiogram (ECG).

Soma - The main site of synthesis of macromolecules since it is the one compartment containing all the required organelles. Perikaryon is another term for the cell body of a neuron and is often used interchangeably with soma. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell that produces myelin, a fatty substance that surrounds and insulates axons. Dendrons are the branch-like extensions of the soma that receive incoming signals from other neurons.

Olfactory nerve - It is the first cranial nerve. It is a sensory nerve that functions for the sense of smell. Trochlear nerve is a motor nerve and cranial nerve of the eye. Optic nerve is the cranial nerve that carries information related to vision to the brain.