Railway Science (Biology-Nutrition in Animal)

Keratin is a fibrous protein found in the epidermis which is responsible for providing strength and water resistance to the skin surface.

Actin - A family of globular multi-functional proteins that form microfilaments in the cytoskeleton, and the thin filaments in muscle fibrils. It exists in two forms : G-actin (monomeric globular actin) and F-actin (polymeric fibrous actin).
Myosin (Prototype of a molecular motor) - A protein that converts chemical energy in the form of ATP to mechanical energy, thus generating force and movement.

Water-soluble vitamins (vitamin B complex and vitamin C) - leach into the cooking water, these vitamins are destroyed by heat. Fat-soluble vitamins - A, D, E and K.

Iodine (I, Atomic number - 53) : An essential component of the hormones produced by the thyroid gland. Mainly found in iodized salt and seafood (notably fish and sea vegetables).
Proteins : Polypeptide structures consisting of one or more long chains of Amino acid residues. It contains Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulphur.
Main sources - lean meats, Poultry, Fish and Seafood, legumes, nuts, Dairy products and Eggs.

Cod liver oil (vitamin D) - Obtained from Fish. Some Vitamins and their sources are - Vitamin A (Retinol) - Found in Eggs, milk, carrots and mangoes. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) - Meat, fish, breads, cereals, and pastas.
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) - Fruits and vegetables are some of the best sources of vitamin C (Citrus fruits, tomatoes, and potatoes can be a large source of vitamin C).
Vitamin D (Calciferol) - fatty fish, fish liver oils, fortified milk and milk products, and fortified cereals.
Vitamin E (Tocopherol): Found in nuts like peanuts and almonds., It can also be found in green vegetables, like broccoli and spinach.

Vitamin K - Fat soluble vitamin naturally present in green leafy vegetables. vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and vitamin K2 (Menaquinones) synthesized by bacteria in the intestine. Vitamin K helps in blood clot and bone health.

Lactose (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁) is a sugar that is naturally found in milk and milk products, like cheese or ice cream. It is a type of sugar composed of two monosaccharides (simple sugars) joined together by a glycosidic bond. Monosaccharides - The simplest carbohydrates as they cannot be hydrolyzed to smaller carbohydrates.
Disaccharide (double sugar) - Any substance that is composed of two molecules of simple sugars (monosaccharides) linked to each other.
Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) - Glucose is overall the most abundant monosaccharide. Other monosaccharides - Fructose, Galactose, and Ribose.

Beta carotene is a red-orange pigment found in fruits, especially carrots and colorful vegetables. Other Vitamins : Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) helps form and maintain bones, cartilage, skin, and blood vessels.
Vitamin D - A fat-soluble vitamin that has long been known to help the body absorb and retain calcium and phosphorus. Vitamins B - A collection of 8 water-soluble vitamins essential for various metabolic processes.

It is a simple sugar that serves as a primary source of energy for living organisms, including humans. During digestion, food is broken down into simpler substances. For example, rice, potatoes and bread contain carbohydrates.
These carbohydrates are broken down to form glucose. This glucose combines with oxygen in the cells of our body and provides energy. Respiration (reaction): C₆H₁₂O₆(aq) + 6O₂(aq) → 6CO₂(aq) + 6H₂O(l) + energy.

It is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy. It provides oxygen and nutrients to the baby and removes waste products. Cervix - Lower part of the uterus (womb) in the human female reproductive system.
The uterus is a hollow muscular organ located in the female pelvis between the bladder and rectum. Fallopian tube - Either of a pair of tubes along which eggs travel from the ovaries to the uterus.