Railway Science (Biology-Nutrition in Plant)

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm where one 6 carbon molecule of glucose is oxidized to generate two 3 carbon molecules of pyruvate. Oxygen (O₂) is required in Aerobic respiration which takes place within the cells of animals and plants. Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) + Oxygen (6O₂) → Carbon dioxide (6CO₂) + Water (6H₂O) + Energy (ATP). Anaerobic respiration - It is the process in which incomplete oxidation of glucose occurs in the absence of oxygen.

Phloem is a living vascular tissue that is found in vascular plants and is responsible for transporting food prepared in the leaves (during photosynthesis) to all the parts of the plant. This whole process of transportation is known as phloem translocation.

Starch (C₆H₁₀O₅)ₙ (homopolysaccharide, polymer of alpha D glucose units) is a complex carbohydrate that is made by plants to store energy.
Glycogen (C₂₄H₄₂O₂₁ ) is the stored form of glucose that's made up of many connected glucose molecules and it is found in animals and fungi.
Sucrose (C₁₂ H₂₂ O₁₁), a disaccharide, is a sugar composed of glucose and fructose subunits. Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) is the main sugar found in blood.

Leucoplastids - They are the colorless plastids found in the endosperm, tubers, cotyledons, roots, and other non-photosynthetic parts of plants.
Apicoplastids - It plays a vital role in lipid metabolism.
Chloroplastids - They are plant cell organelles that convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via the photosynthetic process. Chromoplastids - They are responsible for the yellow, orange, and red colors of many flowers and fruits.

Plant cells are eukaryotic cells (have a membrane -bound nucleus and organelles). Electrochemical signals that are nerve impulses exist in plants at all levels of evolution.
Plant Hormones - Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene, Abscisic Acid. Xylem facilitates the transportation of water in plants. Four main types of plant proteins - Albumins, Globulins, Prolamins and Glutelins.

Jaggery contains around 11 mg of iron per 100 grams. other Iron-rich food - nuts, dried fruit, bread, legumes (mixed beans, lentils, chickpeas), dark leafy green vegetables (spinach and broccoli), oats.
Milk and Butter are rich in Calcium, B2, B12, Phosphorus, and vitamins E, A and K. Rice - Source of protein and vitamins (thiamin and niacin) and minerals (zinc and phosphorus).

Phloem (Bidirectional) - Helps in the transport of food throughout the plant. Different elements of phloem include sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres.

Plants require less energy as compared to animals as they do not have to move as animals do in search of food and shelter. Animals have a skeletal system in the form of bones which keep them upright and give strength.
In a large plant body, there are many dead cells like sclerenchyma which do not need any energy.

Autotrophic nutrition is a process where an organism prepares its own food from a simple inorganic material like water, mineral salts and carbon dioxide in the presence of sunlight. Heterotrophic Nutrition - Organism depends on other organisms for food.
Saprotrophic Nutrition - Organism feeds on dead remains, and digestion happens before ingestion of food. Holozoic Nutrition - Digestion happens after ingestion of food, i.e. inside the body of the predator.

Photosynthesis - Plants release oxygen during the day in the presence of natural light. While at night, the plants uptake oxygen and release carbon dioxide, which is called respiration.
Plants respire with the help of lenticels and stomata (exist in stems and leaves individually) which carry out the function of the gaseous exchange.
The air in case of stem diffuses into the stomata and moves through different parts of the cell to respire. Gaseous exchange occurs through diffusion via stomata.