Railway Science (Biology – Plant Kingdom) (Part-II)

Arthropoda - A phylum of animals that includes insects, spiders, and crustaceans. Thallophytes - A polyphyletic group of non-mobile organisms that include algae, fungi, and lichens. Gymnosperms - A group of seed plants that do not produce flowers. Angiosperms - A group of seed plants that produce flowers. It represent approximately 80 percent of all known living green plants.

Family - A taxonomic group containing one or more related genera, especially sharing a common attribute. Class - A group of related taxonomic orders.

Croton - An extensive plant genus in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. Leaves are coloured by molecules called pigments. Multiple pigments absorb different wavelengths of light, allowing the plant to capture the maximum amount of energy from the sun. The three pigments that colour leaves: Chlorophyll, Carotenoid, and Anthocyanin.

Fungi also grow in the absence of sunlight. They are eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts, moulds and mushrooms. Kingdom - Fungi. Plantae Kingdom - includes algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Algae - A diverse group of eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms. Example: Ulothrix, Fucus, Porphyra, Spirogyra. Shrubs - A small - to - medium-sized perennial woody plant. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen.

Amphitrichous bacteria contain a single flagellum on each of their two opposite ends. Peritrichous bacteria which possess flagella all over its body. Holotrichous are ciliate protozoa that have relatively uniform cilia over their body. Monotrichous bacteria have a single polar flagellum at one end or the other.

Collenchyma is a type of permanent tissue. It allows easy bending of plant parts without their breakage. There are 3 types of simple permanent tissue : Parenchyma tissue generally stores food and in some situations, it contains chlorophyll and performs photosynthesis, and then it is called chlorenchyma. Sclerenchyma - tissue which makes the plant hard and stiff, it provides strength to the plants.

Sclerenchyma - It is a permanent and supportive tissue made up of dead cells with highly thickened lignified walls. Other types of simple permanent tissue : Parenchyma tissue generally stores food and in some situations, it contains chlorophyll and performs photosynthesis, and then it is called chlorenchyma. Collenchyma allows bending of various parts of plants like tendrils and stems of climbers without braking.

Parenchyma is the most common simple permanent tissue. It consists of relatively unspecialised cells with thin cell walls. They are living cells.
They are usually loosely arranged, thus intercellular spaces are found in this tissue, generally storing food.
Some of them contain chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis, and then it is called chlorenchyma. In aquatic plants, large air cavities are present in parenchyma to help them float, known as aerenchyma.

Spirogyra - Free-floating green algae present in freshwater habitats such as ponds, and lakes. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek first discovered free-living algae Spirogyra cells in water (pond) in 1674 with a microscope.
Riccia is a type of liverwort, which is a non-vascular plant belonging to the division Marchantiophyta. Chara is a genus of multicellular green algae belonging to the division Charophyta. Marsilea is a genus of ferns belonging to the division Pteridophyta.

Xylem and Phloem are examples of complex permanent tissue. They are conducting tissue and constitute a vascular bundle. Xylem transports water from roots to shoots and leaves, while phloem carries food from leaves to other parts of the plant.
Xylem is composed of four different types of cells: Trachid, Trachea, Xylem parenchyma and xylem fibers. Phloem consist of 4 types of cells : Sieve tube, Companion cells, phloem parenchyma, phloem fibers.