Railway Science (Biology – Plant Kingdom) (Part-III)

Tissue is a group of cells similar in structure and function. Plant tissues are of two main types – meristematic and permanent. Meristematic tissue is the dividing tissue present in the growing regions of the plant. Permanent tissues are derived from meristematic tissue once they lose the ability to divide. They are classified as simple and complex tissues.

Pteridophyta (Vascular Plant): Kingdom - Plantae. Examples - Whisk Fern, Dicksonia, Selaginella, Lycopodium. Pteridophytes are considered as the first plants to be evolved on land. The plant body has true roots, stems and leaves.

Collenchyma - It allows bending of various parts of a plant like tendrils and stems of climbers without breaking. It also provides mechanical support. We can find this tissue in leaf stalks below the epidermis. The cells of this tissue are living, elongated and irregularly thickened at

Plants of the Pteridophyta group are vascular plants that include ferns, horsetails, and club mosses. They reproduce via spores and do not produce flowers and seeds and hence are also known as cryptogams. They are found in moist, shady and damp places.

were seed-producing plants and the plant kingdom’s most sophisticated plant group. Spermatophytes are another name for phanerogams. Multicellular or eukaryotic plants have always been found in this kingdom. The plant body comprises many sections divided into roots, branches, and leaves.

Complex permanent tissue - They are made up of more than one type of cell. Two types of complex permanent cell - Xylem and Phloem. Xylem carries water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.
Phloem carries the food prepared by the leaves to different parts of the plant. Simple permanent tissues are made up of only one type of cell.
Epithelial tissue forms the covering of all body surfaces (skin, intestines, respiratory tract). Connective tissue contributes to numerous body functions (adipose, cartilage, bone).

It is found in the shoot system, which includes the leaves, flowers, stems, lateral buds, and other elements that extend above the ground. Negative phototropism - Plant part moves away from light.
Tropism - Directional growth in response to a stimulus. Positive tropism - It occurs when a plant (or a part of the plant) grows towards the stimulus. Negative tropism - It occurs when a plant moves away from a stimulus.

Complex permanent tissues are composed of various types of cell elements and are heterogeneous in nature. The two types of complex permanent tissues are xylem and phloem. Parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma are called simple tissues as they are made up of a single type of cells.

Paphiopedilum, also called the Venus slipper, is a genus of the lady slipper orchid subfamily Cypripedioideae of the flowering plant family Orchidaceae. Angiosperms can be divided into Basal clades, Magnoliids, Monocots, and Eudicots. Monocots have only one seed leaf inside the seed coat. Examples - Palms, garlic, onions.

Collenchyma is a type of permanent tissue found in plants. Permanent tissues lose the ability to divide further. Aerenchyma - A spongy tissue with large air spaces found between the cells of the stems and leaves of aquatic plants. Sclerenchyma - A plant support tissue made up of a variety of hard woody cells.